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week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does Polyploidy means

A

Polyploidy: More Than Two Sets
Of Chromosome

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2
Q

how much of the planet kingdom are polyploid

A
  • Plant Kingdom: 30-35% of flowering plants are
    polyploids
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3
Q

is polyploidy normal in the animal kingdom

A
  • Animal Kingdom: Polyploidy is rare
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4
Q

what does Autopolyploids means

A
  • The chromosome sets are all identical
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5
Q

properties of Autopolyploids

A
  • The chromosome sets are all identical
  • All chromosomes are derived from the same
    species
  • Autopolyploids usually have:
    – More vegetative growth (larger cells, thicker
    leaves, bigger flowers, larger plants, bigger fruits)
    – Less seed production.
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6
Q

how are the chromosome consequences for the seedless varieties of citrus

A

Many seedless varieties
of citrus are triploids or
pentaploid

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7
Q

which type of watermelon have seed and seedless

A

Diploid watermelons
have seeds
* Seedless watermelons
are triploids

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8
Q

why commercial bananas are seedless

A

Commercial bananas are triploids and
seedless

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9
Q

why many polyploids are sterile

A

Many polyploids are sterile due to problems
with pairing and separation of homologous
chromosomes in meiosis

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10
Q

look at lecture 14 of the lecture notes 8

A
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11
Q

what is the Allopolyploids

A
  • Some polyploids are the result of crosses
    between 2 or more species (usually related
    species).
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12
Q

Bread Wheat Is An ……….That Originated In ……

A

Bread Wheat Is An Allohexaploid
That Originated In Asia

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13
Q

is the Bread Wheat sterile

A

yes

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14
Q

90% of cotton produced is………….

A

90% of cotton produced is Upland Cotton

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15
Q

Old World Cottons originate in……….and………

A

Old World Cottons originate in Asia and Africa

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16
Q

American Cottons originate in……….

A

American Cottons originate in Peru

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17
Q

what do botaists believe about the production of the upland cotton

A

Botanists believe that Upland cotton was produced
when American cotton crossed with Old World
cotton —– over a million years ago.

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18
Q

what are the properties of the rye gandom

A

Low protein levels
* High in lysine
* Does well in poor soils

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19
Q

what are the properties of the wheat

A

High protein levels
* Low in lysine
* Does poorly in poor soils

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20
Q

rye + wheat

A

Triticale

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21
Q

what are the properties of Triticale

A

Triticale has the high protein content of wheat
and high lysine content of rye. Hardy even in
poor soil conditions.

22
Q

what are the properties of Polyploidy in Animals

A
  • In animals, interspecies crosses can result in a
    sterile animal
  • Chromosome doubling which potentially could
    restore fertility is not well tolerated
23
Q
  • Polyploids contain extra sets of……………
A
  • Polyploids contain extra sets of chromosomes.
24
Q

why Many polyploids are sterile

A

because their multiple sets of chromosomes segregate irregularly in meiosis.

25
idk
Polyploids produced by chromosome doubling in interspecific hybrids may be fertile if their constituent genomes segregate independently.
26
what is Aneuploidy
Diploid genome which lacks a chromosome or has an extra chromosome
27
what are the examples of the aneuploidy
2N+1 trisomies 2N-1 monosomies
28
what can cause the aneuploidy
Meiotic nondisjunction can cause aneuploidy
29
what happens to the automosal monosomies in the humans
autosomal monosomies are lost early in pregnancy
30
what are the three autosomal trisomies in the live births
-only three autosomal trisomies are seen as live births -trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) -trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) -trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)
31
X0
Turner Syndrome
32
XXY
Klinefelter Syndrome
33
XXX
Triple X Syndrome
34
XYY
Double Y males
35
how the frequency of trisomes increase
age
36
how is the process of the meiosis in the female
In the human female fetus, meiosis begins and then arrests (stalls). Germ cells remain in an arrested prophase I until ovulation
37
Why Is There A Correlation Between The Incidence Of Trisomies And Maternal Age?
Bivalents with crossovers near the ends of the chromosomes are fragile and are increasingly unstable over time. If the bivalent dissociates, nondisjunction of the homologues occurs.Why Is There A Correlation Between The Incidence Of Trisomies And Maternal Age
38
What sorts of chemicals can cause nondisjunction?
* Colchicine * Bisphenol A (BPA)
39
Down Syndrome is 96% due to ........................ events
Down Syndrome * 96% due to meiotic nondisjunction events
40
where does down syndrome occure
Of these, approximately 80% occur in oogenesis in the mother and 20% occur in spermatogenesis of the father.
41
what are the properties of Turner Syndrome XO
* Short stature, wide-chested * Normal IQ * Webbing of the neck is typical in Turner Syndrome * Ovaries fail to develop, uterus and oviducts can be small and immature
42
what are the treatment for the turner syndrome xo
Treatments * They receive growth hormone therapy to increase their stature. * They receive estrogen at puberty for breast development
43
what are the properties of Klinefelter Syndrome XXY
* Phenotypic features develop after puberty * Breast development and female body fat distribution can be seen in XXY males
44
what is the treatment for the Klinefelter syndrome
Treatments * Testosterone therapy coupled with breast tissue removal will result in a more typical male phenotype
45
what are the properties for the Triple X Females
* Phenotypically normal * Can be taller than average * Some fertility problems
46
what are the properties for the xyy males
XYY Males * Phenotypically normal * Usually taller than average
47
A deletion or deficiency is a missing ...................
A deletion or deficiency is a missing chromosome segment.
48
A ................... is an extra chromosome segment
A duplication is an extra chromosome segment
49
what does Translocations means
Translocations occur when a segment from one chromosome is detached and reattached to a different (nonhomologous) chromosomes
50
what does reciprocal translocation mean
In a reciproal translocation, pieces of two nonhomologous chromosomes are exchanged without any net loss of genetic material.
51
what does Compound chromosomes mean
Compound chromosomes are formed by the fusion of homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or homologous chromosome segments.
52
how does the Robertsonian translocations form
Robertsonian translocations are formed by the fusion of two nonhomologous chromosomes at their centromeres.

MBG2040 (5 decks)

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