Week 3 Flashcards

Question

9 Weeks milestones IOS DEGN

Answer 1

All internal organs are present but still developing Sexual differentiation has started External genitalia - weeks 7-12 Fingers toes and nails by the 4th month

Answer 2

Fetus can form a fist, wiggle toes, suck thumb Will respond to external stimulation - touch and noise Fourth month - still enough room to swim, kick and turnabout - Movement increases in the second half of pregnancy

Answer 3

Fetus will swallow amniotic fluid - kidneys working and the kidneys begin to produce urine - excreted into the amniotic sac fetus may weigh 200g mother can feel movement- Fluttering

Answer 4

Inhales amniotic fluid as practice breathing - lungs start working - can smell it From week 20 on fetus will gain 8 pounds Maturation of the nervous, respiratory and digestive systems take place at this point 20-28 - hair eyebrows and eyelashes develop and skin thickens

Answer 5

Fetus may be well-developed enough to survive on its own - potentially viable - Critical factors to survival - lungs ability to exchange co2 for oxygen, stomach digest food, brain’s ability to control breathing,swallowing, body temp Born this early - need to be protected against temp changes - lack layer of fat that develops in the 8th month Eyes open and auditory system functions - brain development is similar to a newborn

Answer 6

Mother contributes disease fighting antibodies - tailored to diseases that mother has encountered - protect new born until they can produce their own antibodies at 6m

Answer 7

Quiet sleep periods or rem slee

Answer 8

one zygote - identical genomes - identical twins Single zygote divides within the first few days of conception identical genomes research with animals has found factors in embryonic development that make such twinning more likely (e.g., temperature, oxygen levels, and the age of the ovum when fertilized). 1 in 285 births. Not heritable, does not vary across ethinic groups, no known variables that predict

Answer 9

If the membrane that forms the placenta (the chorion) has already developed when they split- share a placenta If not separate Earlier split after conception means different sacs, few days later is shared

Answer 10

This can affect development: Monozygotic twins who shared a placenta are more similar than those who did not share a placenta on measures such as IQ, on 20 different personality measures, on birth weight, and congenital anomalies

Answer 11

Intrauterine environment -------- some monozygotic twins have non-identical prenatal environments, perhaps having different placentas (and thus different avenues of access to maternal resources) and perhaps having their own amniotic fluid- differences in cognitive and personality development Developmental Noise --------stochasticity in the process of development - describes developmental differences that cannot be accounted for by differences in genes or by differences in the environment -Have you ever seen a dog (or a person) with two different colored eyes? This is not because different genes contributed differently to the development of each eye - developmental noise Epigenetics -----Epigenetic modification can occur during development and throughout the lifespan, and these modifications may not be identical in two twins Specialized niches - -------one person really good at something - Siblings, including twins, may have psychological adaptations designed to steer them toward different specializations, or niches, in order to reduce direct competition between them in their local environment.

Answer 12

two different zygotes and thus have different genomes - fraternal twins Mother releases more than one egg into fallopian tubes during ovulation - 2 eggs and each get fertilized Somewhat heritable but must be in the mother’s family - skips a generation - if one is a male - not relevant - but daughters might - only skips if there is males Father - may pass this on to his daughters

Answer 13

A toxin that if ingested during pregnancy can adversely effect fetal development Can be illegal drugs, legal drugs, medications, viruses, environmental pollutants The type and severity of the effects of teratogens depends on the timing of the exposure: they will interfere most with the development of whatever organs or systems are currently developing. Highest levels of vulnerability occur during the embryonic period, because this is when most organs and many systems develop. Not vulnerable to drugs prior to implantation because no connection to mothers blood system

Answer 14

designed to protect a fetus from teraogens - adaptation that protects the developing fetus from toxins in the diet when the fetus is most vulnerable First trimester - aversion to foods with plant toxins Repulsed by smell of coffee - aversions to animal products which may be contaminated by pathogens and toxins Women who experience morning sickness are less likely to have a miscarriage - women who vomit are even less likely to miscarry - severe nausea and vomiting in preg - fewer preterm births Screens some teratogens that might have been toxic during the EEA - modern toxins may be undetectable

Answer 15

Commonly held belief that women who are pregnant lose cognitive function (especially short-term memory) - women who are pregnant have a better memory for male faces than non-pregnant women pressing adaptive needs - avoiding dangers, protecting their developing fetuses, social threat that unknown males might pose, show increased negativity toward unknown people compared to non-pregnant women - become more socially selective - drive to protect the fetus - unfamiliar people have pathogens Prefer to look at healthy over unhealthy faces - more true of pregnant women Nesting instinct - in 3rd trimester - organize their household in preparation for the baby and become more of a home-body

Answer 16

baby’s brain and adrenal glands produce hormonal signals - the mother’s brain produces oxytocin in response - rhythmic contractions of the uterus - typically starts about 38 weeks after conception

Answer 17

Dilation -----Dialation of the cervix 10 cm -----Rhythmic contractions distend the cervix and push the amniotic sac towards the cervix - will usually burst during this stage -----Lasts 12 to 24 hrs the first time a woman gives birth and 3 to 8 in later births -----Contractions are gentle infrequent and irregular -----Contractions intensify and become more frequent - intense by the end of this stage - contraction becomes continuous Active delivery ---An hour for first time mothers - baby moves through the birth canal ---Urge to push by contracting abdominal muscles and pushing expels the baby ---Crowning - appearance of the head at the opening of the birth canal ----Stage over when baby expelled Afterbirth delivery ---The placenta actually disengages from the uterine wall and is expelled through the birth canal 10 to 20 min

Answer 18

birthing women are isolated from the family in order to avoid contamination

Answer 19

modest and prefer to be attended by female health-care providers and to be protected by a screen or curtain

Answer 20

prefer to go to their own mothers’ home the first time they deliver

Answer 21

Throughout the world and throughout history, the most common birth experience took place in the mother’s home, with the help of other women such as midwives or doulas. The North American practice of giving birth in a medical institution such as a hospital and under the direction of a male medical expert is unusual in historical terms. By comparison, a third of babies born in The Netherlands are born at home, usually attended by a midwife

Answer 22

1. Women is more likely to be required to labor and deliver on back - traditional births more likely to involve a squatting position or position based on babys position 2. Rules about who may be present 3.Women hospitalized are more likely to be given anesthesia or sedatives during labor - medications passed onto baby 4. More likely to have a cesarean delivery 5. isolation of the childbearing mother from the rest of the family means that a young woman has less opportunity to witness birth: Her own first labor and delivery may be her first experience with the process.

Answer 23

Babys head is too large to pass through the mother’s pelvis - sizes are mismatched - scalp plates can move Conflict between gestational period and mother’s pelvis size based on babys maturity

Answer 24

Feet or ass first - can be delivered but cesearan may be preferred

Answer 25

Extremely high blood pressure that results form pregnancy - occurs after 32 weeks - infant increases mothers blood pressure in order to increase nutrients - increase even more if father is not a long term partner Can threaten kidney and liver function - endanger mother’s health Medication can bring bp down Immediate delivery can resolve this and may be recommended in the most severe cases

Answer 26

Umbilical cord exits the birth canal before the fetus - occurs in fewer than 1% of deliveries but can be a serious complication Fetus will compress cord - restricting its oxygen - can result in brain damage or death Modern birth environment - death less than 3 % Calls for immediate delivery - so infant can access oxygen

Answer 27

Born prior to the 37th week of gestation Low birth weight - less than 5.5 pounds Very low birth weight - less than 3.3 pounds Less than 2.2 - extremely low birth rate difficulty breathing - lungs mature in the final month of pregnancy ---If premature birth anticipated - mother can be injected with steroids that spur the maturation of the lungs Cerebral palsy - 3 and 9% - have visual impairments at a rate of up to 38% and cognitive impairments at a rate of 27% minor troubles with motor development, behavioral disorders and learning delays - hide the face that most preterm infants are developing normally by age 3

Answer 28

Born early because… multiple births - no more room, poor nutrition, smoking, physical stress - younger than 19 or older than 35 Fetus in distress or not growing -early delivery

Answer 29

NICU survival rates are high - 90% weighing less than 2llbs survive - 50 % weighing less than 1 pound

Answer 30

SIDS - death of an apparently healthy baby for no identifiable reason - rare but incidence peaks between 2-4 months No clear cause - infant reflexes that would startle the child who ceased to breath are disappearing but volitional mechanisms that ensure continuous breathing have not yet matured Infants born preterm Babies born with low birth weights Parents who smoke Infant sleeps face down Bed with lots of pillows and plush covers

Answer 31

A nerve cell. A cell specialized for conducting information between the brain and other body parts or within the brain. - 100 billion

Answer 32

One of the fibers extending from the cell body of a neuron, designed to receive a signal from a nearby neuron

Answer 33

The long fiber that runs the length of a neuron, conducting the electric signal from the cell body to the terminals.

Answer 34

The gap between two neurons, across which a chemical signal is transmitted. the fetus’s brain is the fastest growing organ, by weight,

Answer 35

First 20 weeks after conception Mostly 3rd to 18th week Most neurons until you die were created in the first 20 weeks after conception 250 000 new neurons per minute Differentiation - begins around 20 weeks after conception Neuronal production is almost complete by 18 weeks after conception, although some areas of the brain are capable of neuron production in adulthood

Answer 36

Neurons are produced near the center of the brain, then move toward their destination in a process called neuron migration Chemical attraction to its destination and target Different types of cells migrate at different times during development, and cell migration is complete by 7 months of gestation

Answer 37

begins at around 20 weeks after conception cells increase in size and become more elaborate neuron first grows an axon, which in some cases can be quite long, and then grows a dendrite, which forms an elaborate bush-like structure This arborization, as it is called, increases the neuron’s capacity to form connections with other cells.

Answer 38

encases the long axon of neurons in a myelin sheath, which serves as insulation and allows the transmission of an electrical impulse with greater efficiency. Myelination is known to continue into adolescence.

Answer 39

The growth of synapses between neurons. Most neurons have connections with thousands of other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections in the brain. starts prenatally and proceeds rapidly before and after birth. Synaptic density peaks at about 1 year of age, and the average number of connections for each neuron is about 16,000 at the peak. peaks in the visual cortex at around 1 year of age, it does not peak in the prefrontal cortex until a child is just less than 4 years of age.

Answer 40

Synaptic pruning, a process during which synaptic density decreases as synaptic connections are lost, is an important part of the developmental process. Synapses that are used are preserved, and synapses that are not used disappear. synaptic pruning peaks at different times in different parts of the brain. In the visual cortex, synaptic pruning takes place between 1 and 10 years of age. It occurs later in the prefrontal cortex, continuing into young adulthood. At its peak, as many as 100,000 synapses disappear per second provide a great deal of plasticity. The human brain is surprisingly good at recovering from injury, provided the injury happens early in life when there is a surplus of synaptic connections.

Answer 41

The left side of the brain is involved in processing sensory information and sending motor commands to the right side of the body, while the right side of the brain processes sensory information and sends motor commands to the left side of the body left side of the brain processes language information, whereas the right side of the brain is thought to underlie spatial thinking and visual imagery differences between the size and shape of the two hemispheres that are already evident at birth. Even infants use the left hemisphere to process speech related information

Answer 42

Bullet in tree - who killed him single unique cause of an event is not always identifiable. Cause of an event is something that our minds are designed to perceive not something the world is obliged to supply

Answer 43

not usually a single cause- many things you could manipulate to change the outcome Factors which may make an event possible but which we do not consider to be the cause because we take them for granted - house burns down bc of oxygen Fallacy of exclusive determinism - tendency to identify a single cause of an event

Answer 44

Baked a cake - what caused the cake the recipe or the ingredients - change the genetics, development changes, change environment - development changes

Answer 45

Not the relative contribution of genetic info Not an estimate of malleable Does not tell you whether something is inherited Moore - snowflake analogy - what causes a snowflake? ----2 groups of scientists - one believes humidity causes and the other believes that temperature causes Both determined a statistical relationship in variance but their study sample mattered - two different environments ----if you wanted to fully describe the formation of snowflakes - have to know all about the characteristics of a water molecule and the factors affecting freezing - know the circumstances - no one factor is ever the cause of an outcome Asking if a trait is a result of genes or the environment is like asking if a snowflake is a result of temperature or humidity - need both genetic info and species typical environment

Answer 46

measure extent to which traits “breed true” meaning the extent to which traits that are seen in parents will develop in offspring and subsequent generations How much of the variance in the entire population is (statistically) accounted for by the variance in genes. 1. Applies to a large pop- never to an individual 2. Applies only to a particular group living at a particular time 3. Can differ markedly for groups of people who grow up in very different environments 4. Can’t be measured if there is no variance - don’t talk about heritability of number of fingers or toes - if theres not meaningful variance -

Answer 47

first person to use the terms nature and nurture Eminence - combination btw SES and professional status - people who had reached eminence were likely to be related to each other - nature a greater contributor - not a good conclusion He made no effort to control for environmental factors - everyone was of high social status Statistical innovations - created the regression analysis - allowed him to estimate relationship btw various measures More special case of correlation coefficient statistic - measure of the relationship between any two sets of numbers

Answer 48

An estimate of the proportion of the measured variance of a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals.

Answer 49

Different influences based on gender, financials at birth, age at war or environmental crisis, birth order Anything that's different with the kids across the family First born children - more likely to conform to the parent’s values and expectations

Answer 50

Cognitive capacities such as general knowledge, memory, and problem solving as measured by standardized intelligence tests

Answer 51

employed to create a method to measure intelligence as a way to identify school children who needed special education Binet Simon Intelligence test - successful in predicting school success - correlated with grades at the time of testing and for years to come Used in military afterward

Answer 52

Standford Binet intelligence scale - derived from their original test and preserves some key features ----Assesses quantitative reasoning, fluid reasoning, visual-spatial processing, general knowledge and working memory ----Designed for school age children but can be used to measure adult intelligence Weschler tests - 2yr 6m to 7y 3m- can be assessed using the preschool and primary scale Focus on skills that are relevant to school performance - 4 categories 1. Verbal comprehension 2 - Perceptual reasoning 3 - Working memory 4 - Processing Speed WPPSI - preschool WISC - for children 6-16 WAIS - 16yrs+

Answer 53

The rise in uncorrected raw scores on intelligence tests seen in each successive generation Average IQ is 100 - normed so the average stays at 100 - IQ would be increasing if scores were not updated - Without updating scores have increased 10 points over a 25 yr period --Could be: better nutrition, more familiar with test-taking, better schooling, higher literacy rates ---Most of the improvement takes place in the lowest range of scores - stressors experienced by the least advantaged are being relieved over the decades

Answer 54

Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence Measure intelligence in infants aged 1m to 42m Motor Scale - Records how well the infant reaches for and grasps things, and throwing Mental Scale - how well infant follows directions, searches for things and reaches for a preferred object Behavior rating scale - emotional responsivity and emotional regulation Effective in identifying children developing with exceptional intelligence or deficits Marginally successful at predicting later intelligence Better at identifying delayed infants NOt a strong predictor of later IQ or academic success

Answer 55

Spearman - Early evidence for g - predicts performance on all measures of intelligence probed by standardized intelligence tests seven distinct underlying constructs: perceptual speed, word comprehension, word fluency, space competence, number competence, memory, and induction

Answer 56

Gardner is a more contemporary theorist who has proposed that there are an even greater number of intelligences. linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial, he suggests that there is a musical intelligence and a bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. Also unique to Gardner’s model are interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, naturalistic intelligence (understanding the natural world), and existential intelligence, emotional intelligence

Answer 57

No right or wrong all correlated - “factor analysis” can give you any number of underlying factors, depending entirely on how many you want All are correlated together so it makes sense that there is one and it makes sense that there are multiple

Answer 58

IQ is reasonably stable over time, meaning that knowing someone’s IQ at one age allows for a reasonably accurate prediction of IQ at a later age. The stability of IQ seems to start at around 5 years of age. Infant IQ tests tend to have much lower correlations with later IQ measures. In fact, the correlation between IQ at one year of age and in adult IQ is close to zero the speed at which a child habituates during the habituation paradigm and their preference for the novel stimulus in the habituation paradigm, is reliably related to adult IQ - taps developing working memory, processing speed, and executive function

Answer 59

they predict academic success quite well - 58% with achievement in elementary, 24% hs and 19 in grad school Predicts professional performance . Higher IQ is associated with higher prestige careers, such as medicine, law and engineering , and correlates with occupational success more broadly as well, more published articles

Answer 60

emotional and verbal responsivity of the mother, lack of excessive restriction and punishment, the organization of the environment, availability of play materials, mother’s involvement with the child variety of stimulation parents who encouraged their children to excel intellectually and who were neither too severe nor too permissive in their discipline had children with higher IQ scores

Answer 61

attendance affects IQ. small drop in IQ from the beginning to the end of summer vacation, when children are not in school attending higher-quality schools have higher IQs,even when time spent in school is taken into account Schools that have clear academic goals and a strategy Schools supporting student involvement