week 3

Question 1

american psychologist and educator known for his theory of moral development

• considered one of the most renowned psychologists of the 20th century
• developed 6 stages of moral development and the varying levels of ethical behavior in our schools

Answer 1

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 2

• hoped to discover how moral reasoning hanged as people grew older
• identified 3 distinct levels of moral reasoning; pre conventional, conventional, and post conventional. each level have 2 sub stages
• people can only pass through these levels in the order listed.
• not everyone achieves all the stages

Answer 2

kohl bergs theory of moral development

Question 3

kohlbers levels of development

Answer 3

• Preconventional morality : stage 1 punishment and obedience orientation; stage 2 individualism and exchange
• conventional morality; stage 3 good interpersonal relationships, stage 4 maintaining the social order
• postconventional morality; stage 5 social contract and individual rights, stage 6 universal principles

Question 4

level 1; pre conventional morality

Answer 4

stage 1; punishment and obedience orientation

• obeying rules is important because you avoid punishment
• stage 2; individualism and exchange
• decisions might be made because there is a reward involved

Question 5

level 2; conventional morality

Answer 5

• stage 3; good interpersonal relationships
• child/individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. answers relate to the approval of their peers
• stage 4; maintaining the social order
• child/individual becomes aware of the broader rules of society obeying the rules in order to uphold the law and avoid guilt

Question 6

level 3; post conventional morality

Answer 6

• stage 5; social contract and individual rights
• people understand there can be altering opinions of right and wrong and laws are just a social contract based on majority decision
• stage 6; universal principles
• people at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidance which may not fit the law

Question 7

criticism for kohlbers level of development

Answer 7

1. gender biased since most of kohl bergs subjects were young males under age of 16
2. theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we ought to do vs. our actual actions
3. believed that women tended to remain at the 3rd level of moral development because they place a stronger emphasis on things such as social relationships and the welfare of others

Question 8

carol gilligan

Answer 8

1. studied under Lawrence Kohlberg as a research assistant
2. a pioneer in the field of gender difference psychology
3. believes women morality is influenced by their relationships
4. developed carol Gillians theory of moral development

Question 9

Justice based- morality

Answer 9

1. views the world as being composed of autonomous individuals who interact with another
2. acting justly means avoiding inequality
3. is thought to be more common in boys because of their need to differentiate between themselves and their mothers
4. because of they are separated from their mothers, boys become more concerned with the concept of inequality

Question 10

care based morality

Answer 10

1. emphasizes interconnectedness and universality
2. acting justly means avoiding violence and helping those in need
3. care based morality is thought to be more common in girls because of their connections to their mothers
4. because girls remain connected to their mothers, they are less inclined to worry about issues of fairness

Question 11

Gillian’s theory of moral development

Answer 11

1. stage 1; pre conventional morality
   - the person only cares about themself to survive; this is how all children are; egocentric
2. stage 2; conventional morality
   - responsibility; often shown in the role of a mother/wife; selflessness and caring about others
3. stage 3; post conventional morality
   - balance of care for ones self and others, develop internal moral principles; some people never get here