week 3 Flashcards
what is a major side effect of ethambutol which is used for treatment against tb
optic neurosis
so patients routinely have their vision monitored
what is Pseudomonas aeruginosa usually associated with
pseudomonas infection is typically seen in cystic fibrosis and other bronchiectatic disease. It causes copious, green, foul-smelling sputum.
what are people with neuromuscular disorders more at risk of
people with some neuromuscular disorders are at higher risk of aspiration pneumonia, through impaired swallowing mechanism.
how does lung consolidation effect vocal reasonance
Consolidated lung transmits sound more effectively than aerated lung, so the voice of the patient is heard more clearly over abnormal lung, i.e. vocal resonance is increased.
what is rusty brown sputum usually caused by
rusty brown sputum is classically seen with pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
what is the most common cause of pneumonia in adults
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia in adults. it accounts for 39% of all adult pneumonias
what is a good antibiotic for anaerobic infections
Metronidazole
what is croup and what is it treated with
Croup – or laryngotracheobronchitis – is a common childhood illness, most commonly caused by the Parainfluenza I virus. It causes a barking cough and stridor (sound caused by upper airway obstruction). Treatment, when required, is with dexamethasone (a steroid) to reduce inflammation.
do patients often present during primary infection with tb
the primary infection (i.e. the point at which the person becomes infected; the first exposure to TB) is often asymptomatic, and in the majority of people it will either be cleared completely or contained within a granuloma as latent TB. Most symptomatic presentations of TB result as a reactivation of latent TB.
does a postitive AAFB score indicate tb
AAFB - acid alcohol fast bacilli smear
while some positive tests may be tb. not all positive AAFB smears are TB, and a negative AAFB smear does not rule out TB.
how fast can nasal high flow oxygen deliver oxygen
high flow nasal oxygen can be delivered up to 70L/min! The oxygen is warmed and humidified, otherwise this would be prohibitively drying and uncomfortable. It is important to be aware that this is classed as an aerosol-generating procedure.
how does the incidence on mycoplasmae pneumonia increase
in 4-5 year cycles
what is the hyperinflammatory phase of COVD-19
this is a feature of severe Covid, and is a pathological host response. In the hyperinflammatory phase, a cascade of pro-inflammatory molecules (a cytokine storm) leads to uncontrolled inflammation.
what is the hyperinflammatory phase of COVD-19
this is a feature of severe Covid, and is a pathological host response. In the hyperinflammatory phase, a cascade of pro-inflammatory molecules (a cytokine storm) leads to uncontrolled inflammation.
by how much does a reservoir mask increase the concentration of oxygen being delivered
a reservoir or “non-rebreathe” mask uses a bag to create a reservoir of oxygen and increase the concentration of oxygen being delivered to around 60-90%.
what ix coxiella burnetti pneumonaie related to exposure with
C. burnetti is classically associated with exposure to farm animals. Bird owners are classically prone to pneumonia from Chlamydia psittaci.
what are features of atypical pneumonia
caused by atypical organisms classically presents slightly differently to typical pneumonia. Features include diarrhoea and vomiting, headache, myalgia (muscle ache) and dry cough.
what are the key cells in the respiratory systems immune defence
macrophages. They participate in the macrophage-mucociliary escalator, and clear debris from the lungs by phagocytosis.
what treatment is used for acute bronchitis
there is no specific treatment required, Supportive management includes paracetamol and good fluid intake.
what kind of organisms can amoxicillin treat
typical. Amoxicillin does not have much activity against atypical organisms. When pneumonia is severe or atypical infection is suspected, treatment should include a macrolide antibiotic like clarithromycin, or an alternative like doxycycline, levofloxacin or co-trimoxazole.
can acute epiglottitis be fatal
Most upper respiratory tract infections are self-limiting. However, rarely, the epiglottis can become inflamed from a bacterial infection (such as Haemophilus influenzae) and this can lead to airway obstruction and even death. This used to be more common in children than it is now, but fortunately incidence is falling due to the Hib vaccine.
what is the number one cause of death due to infectious disease globally
tuberculosis
what is an epidemic
a sudden increase in cases of a disease, above what would normally be expected in a given population.
what is an endemic
An endemic disease is maintained at a consistent and predictable level in a given population, for example chickenpox in the UK.
what do viral respiratory infections do to the mucosa
infiltrate the mucosa and impair the mucociliary escalator, resulting in stagnation of secretions and bacteria and leading to infection.
what type of infection is commonly associated with alcoholism
Klebsiella pneumoniae
what does moraxella catarrhalis cause
LRTI in COPD
what type of infection is bronchiolitis usually
it is usually caused by a respiratory syncytiovirus, and is most common in babies.
when would you not give a child antibiotics for a LRTI
if the child is eating and drinking well, and their oxygen levels are normal, it is reasonable to keep a close eye on them and do nothing.
when is pneumonia classed as hospital acquired
if it occurs at least 48hrs after youve been admitted to hospital
what symptoms are common in LRTI
dull percusiion, bronchial breath sounds, fever, cough and crepitations
NO WHEEZE
where does pulmonary tb most commonly affect
the apices of the lungs as more of the tidal vol (vol b reathed in) reaches the apex of the lung
why are recurring lung infections concerning
because it shows that the bodys defence mechanism is failing. Examples include diseases such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiectasis; localized obstruction such as a tumour or a foreign body; or immunocompromise due to HIV or medications.
what is the treatment for bronchiolitis
there is no known treatment for bronchiolitis. just make sure the patients o2, fluid and nutritional intake is sufficient.
is whooping cough (pertussis) still common
although vaccination has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality from pertussis, this is still a common cause of childhood cough resulting from lower respiratory tract infections
what treatment should be given for strep throat infections
use penicillin when antibiotics are required as amoxicillin will cause a rash
what are iv drug abusers at higher risk of
staph aureus bacteraemia and staph aureus pneumonia
what is tb spread by
its airborne so not physical contact
does rifampicin harm unborn babies
no but it can reduce the effectiveness of the pill
describe the pathogenicity of opportunistic pathogens
They have a low pathogenicity. some micro-organisms do not normally cause infections in healthy people, as the immune system is easily able to resist or overcome them. However, if a person has a compromised immune system, these organisms can cause disease.
is cystic fibrosis a cause of bronchiectasis
Cystic Fibrosis is a multi-system disease affecting multiple organs. It causes impaired ciliary motility, and in the lungs this results in pooled secretions and bronchiectasis.
does latent tb require treatment
latent TB (positive Mantoux or IGRA test in a person who has had contact with TB, but is asymptomatic and has a normal CXR) is treated to reduce the chance of developing active TB. The same antibiotics are used, for a slightly shorter course, usually 3 to 6 months.
does latent tb require treatment
latent TB (positive Mantoux or IGRA test in a person who has had contact with TB, but is asymptomatic and has a normal CXR) is treated to reduce the chance of developing active TB. The same antibiotics are used, for a slightly shorter course, usually 3 to 6 months.
is hospital acquired or community acquired more likely to be antibiotic resistant
Hospitals are breeding grounds for superbugs! Patients who develop a pneumonia in hospital are more likely to have picked up a multi-drug-resistant infection, which can make these infections harder to treat. Careful use of antibiotics is essential at all times, as we don’t want to speed up the evolution of resistant bacteria.
what is a secondary bacterial infection after flu usually due to
damage to the mucociliary escalator, which results in bacteria and mucus accumulating in the lower respiratory tract.
where are anaerobic organisms more likely to come from
the gut
what is a good antibiotic for anaerobic organisms
Metronidazole
what drug can cause polyneuropathy
Isoniazid can cause polyneuropathy, and Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is given alongside it to prevent this.
what is the curb 65 scoring system
confusion blood urea >7 respiratory rate over 30 systolic bp >90 diastolic >60 aged 65 or over
what type of vaccines are pfizer and moderna
mRNA
what is pneumonia
an infection within the alveolar air space.,You will often hear the term “consolidation” used in this context, usually to describe an X-ray or pathology finding. Consolidation simply means that the air in the alveoli has been replaced by solid material – in the case of pneumonia, it is bacteria and inflammatory cellular debris.
what is miliary tb
a rare complication of primary tb, involving the wide dissemination through the bloodstream of TB granulomata, and commonly involves spread to the brain and meninges.
what bacteria is associated with intravenous drug use
Intravenous drug users are at higher risk of S. aureus bacteraemia (as S. aureus is a common skin commensal) and S. aureus pneumonia. It is also classically seen following influenza infection.
is pseudomonas aeruginosa typically associated with cystic fibrosis
pseudomonas infection is typically seen in cystic fibrosis and other bronchiectatic disease. It causes copious, green, foul-smelling sputum.
what signs do you look for in bacterial LRTIs
dullness to percussion, crepitations, bronchial breath sounds, fever and cough.
at what speed does a reservoir mask deliver oxygen
15L/MIN
