Week 2A Drugs And The Brain Flashcards
Brain
All vertebrates share a similar neural organization
Various structures have similar functions across species
Similarities facilitate making references from animal models
Differences in relative size of regions are often indicated of relative importance to species
Nervous system
CNS. Peripheral N S
Autonomic N S. Somatic N. S
Para/Sympathetic. Sensory/ motor
Parasympathetic vs sympathetic
Parasympathetic :contract pupil , slows heart rate
Opposite of each other
Cocaine will trigger sympathetic systems
And benzos can be like parasympathetic
Sympathetic:dialate pupil, increase heart rate
Terminology to describe brain location
Anterior/rostral -front of the head
Posterior causal toward back
Dorsal / superior top
Ventral/ inferior bottom
Medial towards middle
Lateral towards the side
Medulla oblongata
Medulla controls may critical biological functions. Heart rate resperation, pressure
Contains” area postrema” brain vomiting centre. Reduced blood brain barrier. Vomiting response in response to toxins
Opioid receptors in the medulla are involved in the lethal overdose
Raphe nuclei
5-HT (serotonin) is produced in the medulla and mid brain in the raphe nuclei. Mood,sleep, impulsivity,& and aggression
Locus coeruleus (mid brain)
Production of norepinephrine
Involved I attention, vigilance and stress
Dopamine is produced in ventral Tegmental area and substantial nigra
Mesolimbic pathway
Mesocortical pathway
Nigrostriatal pthway
Striatum
Ventral:nucleus
Accubens: globus
Plallidus; reward
Dorsal; caudate
Putamen; motor
Control; habit
Formation
Thalamus; sensory
Relay
Lambic system
Emotional control centre of the brain
Includes amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Memory consolidation arousing events positive or negative
Assigning a hedonic value to stimuli and In affective conditioning to novel stimuli
Bed nucleus of the atria terminalis
Involved in autonomic and behavioural to fearful and noxious stimuli including the stress response
Hippocampus
Critical for acquisition new factual information and formation of episodic memory
Hippocampus has been implicated in the loss of memory in alzhimers disease
Damage to the hippocampus results in anterograde amnesia eg HM
Hypothalamus
Base of the brown dorsal to Peru Italy gland
Releasing hormones
Physiological cycles
Control appetite
Managing sexual behaviour
Regulating emotional response
Regulating body temp
HPA-Axis
Corticotropin- releasing Factor (CRF) is involved in the body’s response to both physical and emotional stress it signals the pituitary gland to produce a hormones called adrenocorticoteopic hormone ACTH. ACTH triggers production go cortisol
Adrenal glands
The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (aka adrenaline ) and norepinephrine when we are excited,threatened l, or stressed. This stimulates the sympathetic system division of the ANS caused increased heart rate and lung capacity giving body surge of energy
Adrenal correct secretes cortisol
Endocrine system
Coordinates functioning between organs through hormones which are released into blood stream from specific type of cells with in endocrine glands
Hormones produced by hypothalamus and pituitary are released in a pulsation fashion
Insula
Insular correct receives visceral olfactory and gustatory and other somatsensory inputs
Cravings
Anterior Cingular cortext
Emotional self-control focused problem solving error detection and performance monitoring and adaptive response to changing conditions
Played role in planning and evaluating how to satisfy craving
Prefrontal cortex
Dorsollateral prefeontal cortext implicated in holding/maintains several peices of information “on line” “working memory” control of cognitive activities
Ventrol medial prefrontal cortext
Rightness of situation and outcome expectancies
Orbitofrintal cortext OFC
Involved in situation that are unpredictable or uncertain
Access and decodes the likely value of available choices
Involved with the suppression of previously rewarded responses and is required to change behaviour (I.e., to provide “stop” signals
Neurotansmission
Neurotransmitters are chemical substances releases by Brian cells (neurons) to communicate with each other
Are produced by presbaptic cells are released into a small gap
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Endogenous opiods
Amino acids are the building blocks from which neurotransmitters are formed
Essential AA cannot be produced by body
Non essential AS Can be produced from the body
Conditionally non essential AA can be produced by the body slower rate may need other AA present
What causes ions to charge
Ions are molecules with an electric charge
Na+ K+ Ca2+ Cl-
Ions cannot freely move across lipid membranes
Ions are differentually distributary inside and outside of the neurons
Ion channels can be opened through receptors located on the neuron resulting in positive charge depolarization or negetive charge harder to fire hyper polarization
