Week 2A Drugs And The Brain

Question 1

Brain

Answer 1

All vertebrates share a similar neural organization

Various structures have similar functions across species

Similarities facilitate making references from animal models

Differences in relative size of regions are often indicated of relative importance to species

Question 2

Nervous system

Answer 2

CNS. Peripheral N S

Autonomic N S. Somatic N. S

Para/Sympathetic. Sensory/ motor

Question 3

Parasympathetic vs sympathetic

Answer 3

Parasympathetic :contract pupil , slows heart rate

Opposite of each other
Cocaine will trigger sympathetic systems
And benzos can be like parasympathetic

Sympathetic:dialate pupil, increase heart rate

Question 4

Terminology to describe brain location

Answer 4

Anterior/rostral -front of the head

Posterior causal toward back

Dorsal / superior top

Ventral/ inferior bottom

Medial towards middle

Lateral towards the side

Question 5

Medulla oblongata

Answer 5

Medulla controls may critical biological functions. Heart rate resperation, pressure

Contains” area postrema” brain vomiting centre. Reduced blood brain barrier. Vomiting response in response to toxins

Opioid receptors in the medulla are involved in the lethal overdose

Question 6

Raphe nuclei

Answer 6

5-HT (serotonin) is produced in the medulla and mid brain in the raphe nuclei. Mood,sleep, impulsivity,& and aggression

Question 7

Locus coeruleus (mid brain)

Answer 7

Production of norepinephrine

Involved I attention, vigilance and stress

Question 8

Dopamine is produced in ventral Tegmental area and substantial nigra

Answer 8

Mesolimbic pathway

Mesocortical pathway

Nigrostriatal pthway

Question 9

Striatum

Answer 9

Ventral:nucleus
Accubens: globus
Plallidus; reward

Dorsal; caudate
Putamen; motor
Control; habit
Formation

Thalamus; sensory
Relay

Question 10

Lambic system

Answer 10

Emotional control centre of the brain

Includes amygdala

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

Question 11

Amygdala

Answer 11

Memory consolidation arousing events positive or negative

Assigning a hedonic value to stimuli and In affective conditioning to novel stimuli

Question 12

Bed nucleus of the atria terminalis

Answer 12

Involved in autonomic and behavioural to fearful and noxious stimuli including the stress response

Question 13

Hippocampus

Answer 13

Critical for acquisition new factual information and formation of episodic memory

Hippocampus has been implicated in the loss of memory in alzhimers disease

Damage to the hippocampus results in anterograde amnesia eg HM

Question 14

Hypothalamus

Answer 14

Base of the brown dorsal to Peru Italy gland

Releasing hormones

Physiological cycles

Control appetite
Managing sexual behaviour
Regulating emotional response
Regulating body temp

Question 15

HPA-Axis

Answer 15

Corticotropin- releasing Factor (CRF) is involved in the body’s response to both physical and emotional stress it signals the pituitary gland to produce a hormones called adrenocorticoteopic hormone ACTH. ACTH triggers production go cortisol

Question 16

Adrenal glands

Answer 16

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (aka adrenaline ) and norepinephrine when we are excited,threatened l, or stressed. This stimulates the sympathetic system division of the ANS caused increased heart rate and lung capacity giving body surge of energy

Adrenal correct secretes cortisol

Question 17

Endocrine system

Answer 17

Coordinates functioning between organs through hormones which are released into blood stream from specific type of cells with in endocrine glands

Hormones produced by hypothalamus and pituitary are released in a pulsation fashion

Question 18

Insula

Answer 18

Insular correct receives visceral olfactory and gustatory and other somatsensory inputs

Cravings

Question 19

Anterior Cingular cortext

Answer 19

Emotional self-control focused problem solving error detection and performance monitoring and adaptive response to changing conditions

Played role in planning and evaluating how to satisfy craving

Question 20

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 20

Dorsollateral prefeontal cortext implicated in holding/maintains several peices of information “on line” “working memory” control of cognitive activities

Ventrol medial prefrontal cortext

Rightness of situation and outcome expectancies

Question 21

Orbitofrintal cortext OFC

Answer 21

Involved in situation that are unpredictable or uncertain

Access and decodes the likely value of available choices

Involved with the suppression of previously rewarded responses and is required to change behaviour (I.e., to provide “stop” signals

Question 22

Neurotansmission

Answer 22

Neurotransmitters are chemical substances releases by Brian cells (neurons) to communicate with each other

Are produced by presbaptic cells are released into a small gap

Question 23

Neurotransmitters

Answer 23

Acetylcholine

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Glutamate

GABA

Endogenous opiods

Amino acids are the building blocks from which neurotransmitters are formed

Essential AA cannot be produced by body

Non essential AS Can be produced from the body

Conditionally non essential AA can be produced by the body slower rate may need other AA present

Question 24

What causes ions to charge

Answer 24

Ions are molecules with an electric charge
Na+ K+ Ca2+ Cl-

Ions cannot freely move across lipid membranes

Ions are differentually distributary inside and outside of the neurons

Ion channels can be opened through receptors located on the neuron resulting in positive charge depolarization or negetive charge harder to fire hyper polarization