Week 24 Flashcards
What is C3 Photosynthesis?
Calvin cycle
What is C4 Photosynthesis?
Plants use PEP (Phosphophenolpyruvate carbonate) due to no rubisco in mesophyll cells
Chloroplasts in mesophyll form malate
Malate goes onto the bundle sheath cell and is decarboxylated to give CO2 for the calvin cycle
What is Crussalic Acid Metabolism?
When CO2 gets taken up at night through the open stomata
Then converted into malate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), then gets stored in a vacuole
In the day CO2 gets produced by a decarboxylation reaction and used by RuBisCO
By utilising the CO2 stored in the vacuole, stomata can be kept closed during the day to reduce water loss by transpiration
What is Autotroph chemosynthetic?
Autotrophic nutrition where chemoautotrophs synthesize organic materials using energy derived from the oxidation of inorganic chemicals
What is Mixotrophic?
Things that combine autotrophy and heterotrophy
Can come in varying degrees eg: Mix of both used, autotrophy used in desperate times etc..
What are Heterotrophs?
Things that feed off a host without benefiting the host or killing the host
Two types: Endoparasitic or Ectoparasitic
What is the biology of a tapeworm?
Attaches to host by hooks and suckers
No gut, gets its nutrients by absorption
Anaerobic respiration
Excrete via excretory canals and nephridial complex in scolex and flame cells in cells
Nervous system cerebral ganglion and nerve fibres through out the body, sensory receptors in each proglottid
Tapeworm is hermaphrodite with male and female reproductive organs in each proglottid
Endoparastic
Biology of a flea
Mouth parts specialised for piercing and sucking
Have an unpaired labral stylet and two elongate serrate, lacinial stylets that together lie within a maxillary sheath to pierce the skin
Salivary pump injects saliva in the wound and cibarial and pharyngeal pumps suck up blood
Biology of a Hemiparasite?
Mistletoe, grows on many trees and shrubs
Gains mainly water and minerals from host
Sprout on plants from bird poo
Seeds covered in viscin which help it stick onto trees
How does a mistletoe develop?
Bird egests seed and seed attaches to tree due to viscin
Embryo plant forms hypocotyl, bend toward the host branch
Physical contact causes it to flatten, producing lipidic glue, adhering to host surface forming a holdfast
Plant epithelial cells form papillae that grow into the host and when the intrusive organ reaches the host cambium, the haustorium is produced
Bands of vessel elements run from the mistletoe and connect with the host xylem.
The mistletoe forms cortical strands that run along the host branch which induce new shoots and produce secondary sinkers
What are the 3 types of carnivores?
Hypercarnivores: Diet contains 70% or more meat
Mesocarnivores: 50-70% of meat with the balance consisting of non-vertebrate foods which may include insects, fungi, fruits
Hypocarnivores: Less than 30% of meat for its diets
What are some defining features of a carnivore?
Skull differences:
Heavy skulls, strong facial features
Sharp angled mandible and tight TMJ temporo-mandibular joint
Enlarged canines
Carnassial teeth
Gut differences:
Don’t produce salivary amylase
One stomach which is a relatively large part of the gut
Large volumes of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Longer small intestine
Shorter large intestine
