week 22 Flashcards
what causes down syndrome
an extra chromosome 21. chromosome 21 pairs during meiosis but fails to separate. trisomy 21
what is Edward syndrome
three chromosome 18s. trisomy 18. shortens lifespan- more severe than downsyndrome
what is patau syndrome
trisomy 13- three chromosome 13s. usually die within a few years of birth.
what is turner syndrome
monosomy X. this is lethal as well as all other monosomies.
whats sickle cell anaemia and how is it caused
when the sickle cells cannot deform through narrow vessels and get stuck, causing blockages. caused by mutation in haemoglobin b
what does the spleen do
remove defective red blood cells
what is haemoglobin composed of
two subunits- alpha and beta
how can sickle cell proteins be seperated
by electrophoresis- the sickle version of the gene is more positive, so travels further to negative electrode.
how can the sickle cell trait be induced in heterozygotes
very low oxygen
what does the sickle cell trait protect against
malaria. invasion of parasite causes sickle cells to sickle, parasite cannot grow as well in sickle cells, then sickle cells are cleared out rapidly by the spleen
define discrete vs continuous in probability distributions
discrete- random variable takes on only specific values
Continuous- random variable can take on any value from an interval
when is theoretical discrete probability calculated
calculated before trials
when is empirical discrete probability calculated
calculated after trials
