Week 2 - Wakefullness Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
A
- German professor
- Founder of psychology in late 19th century
- Recognized that the data of science about objective phenomena were derived from the experiences of scientists
- Rejected that scientists could understand experience through self-observation (Hilgard, 1987)
- Confined to research concerning sensation and perception
- Introspection!!!!
2
Q
What did Franz Brentano consider
A
- Inner perception - the discrete noticing of what was happening to mental events as they occurred
- Inner observation - the direct focusing on one’s inner mental life
(tracking the thoughts not interfering with them)
3
Q
Who is William James?
A
- Psychologist in the 1800’s
- Accused the experimentalists of being boring
- “introspective observation is what we have to rely on first and foremost and always”
- The part before the thunder is different than the thunder
4
Q
Define introspection
A
- The looking into our own minds and reporting what we there discover (James, 1890/1983)
- Trying to catch up the present with the past
- Mental states could only be examined and reported once they had already occurred
- A part of the normal process of our consciousness whereby we explicate what is that is occurring in our awareness (Howe, 1991)
- The awareness of our own experiences
5
Q
Describe the information theory (computational approach)
A
- Computes in the 1950s brought new ways of thinking about psyche (Hilgard, 1987)
- Mental processes were conceptualized as operations on mental representations (Jackendoff, 1987)
- Concerned with memory, language, problem-solving
- Concluded that introspection is not possible (Nisbett & Wilsen, 1977)
6
Q
Is introspection possible?
A
Must have two things:
- unproblematic: Do I know the contents of my own experiences?
- Problematic: What is the nature of the mind? Can I examine how it works? Need to train the mind
7
Q
Describe the Computation model
A
- Concerns human cognition
- Aspects that cannot be calculated such as imagination or emotions are downplayed (Aanstoos, Hillgard)
- Not clear how information processing can give rise to subjective experiences
- Way of thinking about the mind has remained dominant in psychology
8
Q
Define metacognition
A
- Our ability to know something of our own cognitive processes
- A persons own evaluations of themselves (BC2)
9
Q
When is introspection involved?
A
- Asked to respond to the perception of external stimuli, report one’s experience or to fill out a questionnaire about oneself
10
Q
What is an experienced sampling method?
A
- Participants wear an electronic pager that goes off at random intervals as they go about their lives.
- When it gDoes off, participants “give a high resolution description of their mental states as they are happening” (Csikszentmihalyi, 1988)
11
Q
What is the scientists metaphor?
A
- A dispassionate search for accurate self-knowledge (Robins & John, 1997) constrained only by actual perceptual and informational limitations
12
Q
Describe the different seekers of consciousness
A
- Truth seeker - the scientists
- Consistency seeker - reduce inconsistency by selective events even when self-views are negative
- Politician - defines, constructs and negotiates self-concept
- Egoist - motivated toward self-enhancement
13
Q
Describe the principles of psychology (William James)
A
5 characteristics of thinking
- Every thought tends to be part of a personal consciousness
- Thoughts do not float freely (thoughts are always for someone or something - Within each personal consciousness thought is always changing
- Changes in the brain translate into changes in experience - Thought is sensibly continuous
- They all flow together
- Stream of thought (move from one substantive thought to another)
- FOK and FOR - Thoughts always appear to deal with objects independent of itself
- A real world where we can encounter our thoughts (removed from book)
- Thoughts are always about something else
- - Thoughts are interested in some parts of these objects to the exclusion of others and welcomes or rejects others
- thoughts are selective
- We are constantly choosing between alternatives
14
Q
Define Substantive and transitive parts of consciousness (William James)
A
- Substantive - Constant thoughts (rocks in the stream)
2. Transitive - Move from one substantive thought to another (the water between the rocks)
15
Q
Define FOK and FOR
A
- FOK - Feelings of knowing
- Tip of the tongue phenomena
- Don’t have the actual object - FOR - Feelings of reality
- Qualia - inherent way something is
- Mental disease disrupts this
16
Q
Define intentionality
A
- A direction upon an object (not deliberateness)
17
Q
Who is Eric Klinger, what did he do?
A
- Psychologist who studied thinking using a version of the experience sampling method where participants were asked to record the last thoughts that went through their mind
- Created a number of dimensions that identify along which thinking can vary
(list of qualities in the persons mind)
18
Q
What are Eric Klingler’s dimensions of thinking
A
- Thinking can be deliberate or spontaneous
- Thinking can be either externally or internally focused
- Thoughts can be strange along three dimensions
- finical/realistic
- well-integrated or degenerated
- disconnected
19
Q
Describe Klinger’s first dimension of thinking
A
- Thinking can be deliberate or spontaneous
- (deliberate) specific content that is intentionally directed toward certain goals
- (spontaneous) thoughts that just pop into our minds
* ** 1/3 of a person’s thoughts are more spontaneous than deliberate***
20
Q
Describe Klinger’s second dimension of thinking
A
- Thinking can be externally or internally focused
- (external) what is going on in the environment around us
- (Internal) thoughts away from what is happening in our environment
* *1/3 are focused on another place or on the past or the future
21
Q
Describe Klinger’s third dimension of thinking
A
- Thoughts can be strange along three dimensions
a) Fanciful or realistic
- fanciful (social role expectations are violated
- 21% of thoughts depart at least to some degree of being physically possible
b) Disconnected
- thoughts jump from one to another
- nearly half of the participants said their thoughts were disconnected
c) Well- Integrated or degenerated
- images often flow without beginnings or endings
- nothing seems to make sense. no structure to the thoughts
- 25% of thoughts had a dream like mentation
22
Q
What are the characteristics of thoughts (Klinger)
A
- Self talk (most common)
- we are only silent in only about one quarter of our thoughts, we usually communicate to ourselves in full sentences - Visual imagery
- two thirds of our thoughts have visual elements - Other sounds
- 1/4 we think about other people and relationships
- 3% on anxiety-provoking or worrisome thoughts
23
Q
Describe emotions in ASOC
A
- Emotions are often part of our multidimensional subjective experiences (either accompanying or triggering thoughts)
- Changes of emotional expressions can be associated with ASOC
- Sometimes suppress thoughts to escape SC2
- Suppression of pain = greater pain
- Suppress thoughts = anxiety
24
Q
Describe Daydreaming
A
- Klinger found that participants in a ESM were engaged in active, focused problem-solving thought only 6% of the time
- Subjective life = irrational thinking
- Allows us to learn from them by replaying events of the past
- “A channel of info about ourselves to ourselves”
- Assist with personal growth
- An important aspect of our subjective lives
25
Definitions of daydreaming
- Klinger = thoughts that are spontaneous or at least partially fanciful
- William James = the essence of daydreams was their spontaneity
- Thoughts that are spontaneous rather than deliberate
- Sigmund Freud = daydreams were those thoughts that violate the rules normally imposed on us by reality (early 20th)
- Jerome Singer = the pioneer of modern daydreaming research, do not pertain to immediate environment
* * 70% of our thoughts are daydreams by these criteria
* * with Klinger's = 50% of thoughts are daydreams
* * if all criteria is met then only 3% of our thoughts
26
What are the 3 daydreaming styles?
1. Positive-Constructive daydreaming
- Vivid, playful, and wish-fulfilling, used for problem solving and are enjoyed
- Happy daydreamers
2. Guilty-Dysphoric daydreaming
- Bizarre in nature, hallucinatory vividness
- Ambition, fear, failure, regrets
- Dysphoric
3. Poor Attentional control
- Difficulty concentrating, anxious, distractible
- Can be unpleasant or pleasant
27
What is the 5 factor model of personality
1. Extroversion - being sociable, lively, and outgoing
2. Agreeableness - humane, caring, emotionally supportive
3. Conscientiousness - self-control, will to achieve (poor attention control - negative end)
4. Neuroticism - poor vs good, emotional adjustment (Guilty-Dysphoric daydreaming)
5. Openness - imaginative, intelligent, curious (Positive-constructive daydreaming)
28
How can daydreaming styles change?
- Study: 5th grade Dutch children, 3 daydreaming styles emerged
- positive-intense daydreaming - pleasant, childlike and fanciful
- aggressive-heroic - hero's, what we want to do to unpleasant people
- dysphoric daydreaming - unpleasant day dreaming about things that could happen to oneself or family
* * non-violent tv = increased positive-intense daydreaming, non-violent dramas = inhibited aggressive-heroic daydreaming , violent dramas inhibited positive-intense daydreaming
29
Describe imagination
- Imagery is linked with memory and pattern recognition, the notion of imagination implies the presence of a creative aspect of mind
30
Describe guided imagery
- Process of actively directing images in a symbolically meaningful sequence
- Psychosynthesis (Roberto Assagioli, 1910) - nonconscious aspects of our psyche include not only a subconscious but also a superconscious
31
What is psychoneuroimmunology
- Sometimes our thoughts can have effects on our immune system (O'Reagan, 1983)
- If you make a change symbolically you can make a change physically
32
Describe the psychoneuroimmunology study
- Rats are given a good tasting drink 30 minutes before being injected with an immunosuppressant (cyclophosphamide) (association between the way something tasted and the activity of the immune system - suppresses immune system)
33
Describe neutrophil study
- participants who were asked to suppress their thoughts had decreased levels of WBCs (Petrie, Booth & Pennebaker, 1998)
1. John Schneider study:
- 10 studies examined the effects of guided imagery on the immune system of neutrophils
- neutrophils have an adherence which is capable of being increased "migrate from the blood stream to a particular site of infection"
- 16 healthy students given a lecture about neutrophils and a 2 hour imagery training session - asked to imagine that their neuts were responding as if there were a crisis so that the nets would increase their adherence and migrate out of the bloodstream to the site of infection
- blood was taken before and after
- found a 60% drop for # of neuts only, a decrease in the adherence despite prediction
2. same study with 27 medical students were asked to keep the neuts in their bloodstream while decrease adherence
- found: no change in WBC, increase in the adherence of the neuts and a positive correlation between increased neuts adherence and quality of imagery ratings
34
What did the neutrophil study prove?
- the ability of a specific type of WBC to conform to imagined changes
- Suggests that there is a more intimate connection between he physiological, cognitive and experiential aspects of our nature
35
Who is John Lilly?
- Researcher of sensory restriction
- Wanted to know what would happen if sensory input were to be reduced (1954)
- Built the underwater tank with breathing mask in the dark, soundproof room
"the most profound relaxation and rest that he had ever had"
- "Without a changing sensory environment the brain ceases to function in an adequate way
36
Describe the study of sensory restriction
- Participants were exposed to a stressful environment, control group encountered a more relaxed atmosphere
- both confined to a well-lit room for 4 hours
- after 4 hours the participants in the experimental group had greater decrements in cognitive and more frequently reported intellectual dullness and restlessness (Orne & Scheibe, 1964)
37
What are the types of sensory restriction?
- 1970 Lilly invented a flotation tank of Epsom salts, stimulus reduction, was a highly effective treatment in habit modification
- restricted environmental stimulation technique or therapy REST
- 2 types of REST
1. flotation rest
- floats on back, can daydream
2. Chamber rest
- lies on a bed in a dark room with reduced sound for 24 hours
38
What are the effects of sensory restriction?
- Provide relief from the stressors
- think more deeply than usual
- uncover disturbing aspects about themselves
- depressed may not benefit from REST
- improvement in mood
- development of flexibility of mind
- addiction sensation - 47% were abstinent at a 19 month follow up (smoking)
- Athletic enhanced performance
39
What is a sensed presence?
- a feeling that another being is present when not other being is actually physically present (Lilly, 1978)
- occurs in social isolation
- Charles Lindbergh sense presences during flight from Boston to Paris in 1927
40
Describe the Laying on the Hands study...
- mice with 100% fatality in 14-17 days
- treats mice 1 hour per 1 day for 1 month
- tumours became blackened, ulcerated, imploded and closed
- cure rate of 87.9 %for 3 mice
- Bengston Article
