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Pharmacology > Week 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Week 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system; also present at somatic neuromuscular junctions and at parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic nerves.

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2
Q

Action Potential

A

An electrical potential of a single cell (muscle or nerve) generated by the opening and closing of special ion channels on the cells membrane.

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3
Q

Adrenergic

A

A term relating to nerves that release norepinephrine and epinephrine.

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4
Q

Adrenergic Blockers

A

Drugs that block the actions of the sympathetic nervous system.

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5
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure that must be overcome by the ventricles for blood to be ejected from the heart.

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6
Q

Aldosterone

A

A steroid (mineralocorticoid) hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that acts on the kidney to increase sodium reabsorption, thereby retaining sodium in the body.

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7
Q

Alpha (α) receptor

A

Type of sub-receptor found in the sympathetic nervous system.

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8
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Severe pain and constriction in the chest region, usually associated with myocardial ischemia.

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9
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The development of new blood vessels. Drugs that inhibit this effect can be useful in limiting the growth and proliferation of certain tumors.

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10
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Chemical released in response to falling blood pressure that causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone by the adrenal medulla.

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11
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Drugs that inhibit the action of acetylcholine at its receptor.

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12
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.

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13
Q

Anticoagulation

A

A decrease in the blood’s capacity to coagulate (clot). Drugs with the ability to decrease coagulation are known as anticoagulants.

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14
Q

Baroreceptor

A

Nerves located in the walls of the atria, aortic arch, vena cava and carotid sinus that sense changes in blood pressure.

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15
Q

Beta (β) receptors

A

Type of sub receptor found in the sympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

Calcium Channel Blocker

A

Drugs that block the flow of calcium into the myocardial cells.

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17
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute (typically 5-6/L min).

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18
Q

Cholinergic

A

A term relating to nerves that release acetylcholine (Ach).

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19
Q

Cholinergic Blockers

A

Drugs that block the action of the parasympathetic nervous system.

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20
Q

Cholinergic Drugs

A

Another name for parasympathomimetic drugs.

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21
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

A clinical syndrome of cardiac disease that is marked by decreased myocardial contractility, peripheral edema, shortness of breath, and decreased tolerance for physical exertion.

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22
Q

Contractility

A

The strength by which the myocardial fibers contract.

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23
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter located in the central nervous system (CNS) that is important in motor control and in certain aspects of behavior. The presence of endogenous or exogenous dopamine in the periphery also affects cardiovascular function.

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24
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis

A

A condition in which thrombi in the venous system form in the veins of the legs due to sluggish blood flow.

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25
Q

Epinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter or medication that activates the sympathetic nervous system.

26
Q

Fibrin

A

An insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin in the blood clotting process.

27
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Blood protein converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin in the blood clotting process.

28
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Removal of a blood clot.

29
Q

Fibrinolytics

A

Drugs which facilitate the breakdown and dissolution of clots that have already formed. These drugs work by converting plasminogen (profibrinolysin) to plasmin (fibrinolysin).

30
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system (CNS).

31
Q

Hemophilia

A

A hereditary disease in which an individual is unable to synthesize adequate amounts of a specific clotting factor.

32
Q

Hemostasis

A

The process of preventing blood loss from the circulation following injury to blood vessels (ANT: hemorrhage).

33
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Involves abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood. It is the most common form of dyslipidemia (which includes any abnormal lipid levels).

34
Q

Hypertension

A

A pathological condition characterized by a sustained, reproducible increase in blood pressure.

35
Q

Inotropic

A

Refers to a substance that increases muscular contraction force (positive inotrope) or decreases contraction force (negative inotrope). Certain cardiac drugs are considered positive inotropes because they increase the force of cardiac contractions.

36
Q

Low Molecular Weight Heparins

A

Heparin-like drugs that inhibit blood clotting.

37
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A

A condition characterized by insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, and hyperlipidemia (SYN: Syndrome X).

38
Q

Muscarinic

A

Type of cholinergic receptor found in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.

39
Q

Nicotinic

A

Type of cholinergic receptor found in ganglia of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

40
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system.

41
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

A sudden fall in blood pressure that occurs when the patient stands erect; this is a frequent side effect of many medications.

42
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Portion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that is active during periods of rest and digestion.

43
Q

Parasympathomimetics

A

Drugs that mimic the action of parasympathetic nervous system.

44
Q

Peripheral Edema

A

Swelling in the limbs, particularly the feet and ankles, due to an accumulation of interstitial fluid.

45
Q

Peripheral Resistance

A

The amount of friction encountered by blood as it travels through the vessels.

46
Q

Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

A

An enzyme that breaks down phosphodiester bonds in organic compounds. Certain phosphodiesterases are important clinically because they break down second messengers such as cyclic AMP, and drugs that inhibit these enzymes prolong the effects of cyclic AMP in the lungs and other tissues.

47
Q

Preload

A

Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle fibers just before they contract.

48
Q

Plasmin

A

Enzyme formed from plasminogen that dissolves blood clots.

49
Q

Plasminogen

A

Protein that prevent fibrin clot formation.

50
Q

Reflex Tachycardia

A

Temporary speeding up of heart rate that occurs when blood pressure falls.

51
Q

Renin-angiotensin Aldosterone System

A

Series of enzymatic steps by which the body raises blood pressure.

52
Q

Stable Angina

A

Type of angina that usually occurs in a predictable pattern, usually relieved by rest.

53
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.

54
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Portion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that is active during stress and which produces the fight or flight response.

55
Q

Sympatholytics

A

Drugs that inhibit or antagonize function within the sympathetic nervous system.

56
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Drugs that simulate the actions of the sympathetic nervous system.

57
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot formed by the activation of fibrin and platelets. Excessive thrombus formation (thrombosis) can be controlled by drugs that affect various aspects of the clotting mechanisms.

58
Q

Unstable Angina

A

Type of angina that occurs frequently with severe symptoms and that is not relieved by rest.

59
Q

Variant Angina (Prinzmetal’s)

A

Type of angina that decreased cardiac blood flow is caused by spasms of the coronary arteries.

60
Q

Vasomotor Center

A

Area of the medulla that controls baseline blood pressure.

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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