Week 2 Vocab Flashcards
Cryotherapy
the use of cold modalities for therapeutic purposes
Conduction
is the transfer of energy by direct interaction of the molecules in the warmer area with those in the cooler area
Example: ice or heat packs
Convection
direct contact between two materials when one is moving past the other, such as fluid particles
Example: whirlpool
Conversion
Nonthermal energy converted to heat
Example: Ultrasound
Radiation
Energy transfer between two materials that are not in contact with one another
Example: heat from the sun
Evaporation
the process that changes liquid water to gaseous water (water vapor)
Example: Vapocoolant sprays
Hemodynamics
how your blood flows through your blood vessels
Vasodilation
the dilatation or widening of blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
the narrowing of blood vessels
Absolute contraindication
event or substance could cause a life-threatening situation should never be given or performed
Relative contraindication
the benefits of an event or substance may outweigh the risks associated
Precaution
event or substance should be performed or used cautiously
Cryoglobulinemia
abnormal blood proteins called cryoglobulins clump together at cold temperatures, restricting blood flow and causing damage to skin, muscles, nerves, and organs—especially the kidneys
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
an uncommon autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) in which autoantibodies to red blood cells bind to the cells in cold temperatures and fix complement, which can cause intravascular hemolysis upon warming
Raynaud Disease or phenomenon
a condition that causes the blood vessels in the extremities to narrow, restricting blood flow
Vapocoolant spray
spray used for temporary pain relief before stretching muscles with active trigger points or muscles with local spasm. These sprays use evaporation as a means of energy transfer
Ice massage
the use of ice directly on the injury
Controlled cold compression unit
Cold therapy machines work by circulating water through an ice reservoir
Specific heat
the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree
Fluidotherapy
a high-intensity heat modality consisting of a dry whirlpool of finely divided solid particles suspended in a heated air stream, the mixture having the properties of a liquid
Paraffin treatment
paraffin wax is often applied to the hands and feet. The wax is a natural emollient, helping make skin supple and soft
Therapeutic ultrasound
high-frequency mechanical waves delivered using acoustic energy for rehab purposes.
Phonophoresis
when therapeutic ultrasound is used to maximize the effects of a topical drug
Piezoelectric effect
a phenomenon where specific types of material (e.g., quartz, topaz, etc.) produce an electric charge proportional to the mechanical stress applied to them
Effective radiating area (ERA
the area that receives at least 5% of the peak sound energy. This is essentially the size of the area to which sound energy is conducted when the head of the ultrasound unit contacts the skin. The ERA is somewhat smaller than the surface area of the sound head
Beam non-uniformity ratio (BNR)
is the ratio of the average intensity of the ultrasound beam across the ERA divided by the peak intensity of the ultrasound beam; the lower the BNR, the more uniform the intensity of the sound wave
Thrombophlebitis
an inflammatory process that causes a blood clot to form and block one or more veins, usually in the legs
Epiphyseal plates
hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. Area of new bone growth in children
Beam Absorbed
Energy absorbed by the structure under the sound head
Beam Reflected
Energy that bounces off of a surface
Beam Refracted
the bending of an energy when it goes from one material into another
Spatial Peak
At a particular depth the center of a sound beam is more intense than the edge. The beam’s intensity at the location where it is maximum
Attenuation coefficients
the decrease in energy due to absorption, reflection, and refraction (absorption accounts for ½ of attenuation
Duty cycle
the cycle of operation of a machine or other device which operates intermittently rather than continuously
