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Nephrology > Week 2 VHA > Flashcards

Week 2 VHA Flashcards

1
Q

Maltese cross on urine microscopy indicates which glomerular nephritis?

A

Minimal change

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2
Q

Is complement normal or abnormal in nephrotic syndrome?

A

normal

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3
Q

What does light microscopy look like in minimal change disease?

A

normal

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4
Q

What does electron microscopy look like in minimal change disease?

A

effacement of foot processes

(this is a non-specific finding that happens anytime you have proteinuria)

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic disease in children?

A

minimal change disease

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6
Q

Will minimal change disease recur ?

A

it is possible

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7
Q

Balls of collagen in glomerulus on light microscopy are what?

A

sclerosis

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8
Q

What disease can anabolic steriod use predispose you to?

A

FSGS

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9
Q

What is the course of FSGS if not treated?

A

progresses to ESRD

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10
Q

What is the most common primary cause of nephrotic syndrome?

A

FSGS

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11
Q

What is the most common secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome?

A

diabetes

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12
Q

What nephrotic disease can HIV be associated with?

A

FSGS

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13
Q

What nephrotic disease can APOL1 allele be associate with?

A

FSGS

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14
Q

What nephrotic disease is associated with a solid organ tumor?

A

membranous nephropathy

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15
Q

What are defining features on light microscopy of membranous nephropathy?

A

thick basement membranes

spikes

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16
Q

What does EM show in membranous nephropathy?

A

electron dense deposits under the podocytes

also see effacement of foot processes

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17
Q

What nephrotic syndrome are NSAIDs associated with?

A

membranous nephropathy

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18
Q

What nephrotic syndrome is lupus associated with?

A

membranous nephropathy

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19
Q

What nephrotic syndrome are solid tumors associated with?

A

membranous nephropathy

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20
Q

High serum calcium in the setting of nephrotic syndrome indicates …

A

amyloidosis

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21
Q

Back pain in the setting of nephrotic syndrome indicates …

A

amyloidosis

skeletal lesions from amyloidosis causing pain (myeloma)

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22
Q

What do you see on light microscopy for amyloidosis of kidney?

A

acellular mesangial expansion

23
Q

What do you see in diabetic kidney disease on light microscopy?

A

KW nodules

expansion of mesangial cells

24
Q

How does contrast move through kidneys on imaging?

A

cortex - medulla - collecting system (renal pelvis)

25
Q

hydronephrosis definition

A

too much urine in collecting system

26
Q

How can you tell if hydronephros is occuring in calyces?

A

they are all connected with fluid

27
Q

How can you tell a renal calculus on ultrasound?

A

there is a bright spot followed by an acoustic shadow

28
Q

What is the name of calculus that fills the whole renal collecting system?

A

staghorn calculus

29
Q

What can cause a kidney infection?

A

stasis in urine flow due to obstruction

30
Q

Pyonephrosis

A

infection has progressed to make an abscess

31
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

infection of kidneys

can be focal or diffuse

32
Q

How do atherosclerotic lesions in the renal vasculature look compared to kidney stones?

A

they have a donut shape from the calcification spreading around the vessel

33
Q

Are nephrotic syndrome patients at increased risk for clotting?

A

yes

34
Q

Does edema in nephrotic syndrome occur due to hypoalbuminemia?

A

bnb says yes, BUT in-class materials say no

35
Q

What nephrotic syndrome is associated with HBV infection?

A

membranous glumerulopathy

36
Q

What is the most common cause of membranous glomerulopathy?

A

autoantibodies to podocyte antigen (phospholipase A2 receptor)

37
Q

What do amyloid deposits look like on H&E stain in kidney?

A

look like diabetic nephropathy

38
Q

What is orthostatic proteinuria?

A

proteinuria that only occurs when patient is upright

small amounts of protein in urine

usually benign

39
Q

is fusion of foot processes the same as effacement of foot processes?

A

yes, according to inhouse material

40
Q

FSGS can cause what response …

A

hypertension

41
Q

Polycystic kidney disease has what inheritance pattern?

A

autosomal dominant

42
Q

What can be associated with PKD?

A

berry aneurysms

43
Q

Do cystic lesions occur in other organs if someone has PKD?

A

yes

44
Q

What is associated with cholesterol emboli from an immune perspective?

A

Hypocomplementemia

decreased serum complements

45
Q

If you have pyelonephritis, what will be in the urine?

A

WBC casts in the urine from the inflammation

46
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions in the kidney are manifested by what findings?

A

intestitial edema with eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate

47
Q

Fibrinoid vs. onion skinning of artery

A

onion skinning = HTN emergency (hyperplastic arteriosclerosis)

fibrinoid / pink = chronic HTN / DM (Hyland arteriosclerosis)

48
Q

What blocks the horshoe kidney from ascending as high?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

49
Q

What is the most common congenital urogenital anomaly?

A

vesicoureteral reflux

50
Q

In which sex does ureterovesical AND urteroplevic junction obstruction occur more?

A

males

51
Q

In what sex do ureteroceles occur more frequently?

A

females

52
Q

Posterior urethral valves occur more in which sex?

A

males

53
Q

Difference between renal aplasia and renal agenesis

A

aplasia = dysplastic kidney degenerated

agenesis = no kidney developed

Nephrology (6 decks)

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