Week 2: Triad Of Impairments

Question 1

What are the triad of impairments?

Answer 1

Social communication

Communication impairments

Repetitive activities

Question 2

What is believed to be the fundamental deficit of autism?

Answer 2

Social impairment

Question 3

What are the four subtypes of social impairments?

Answer 3

1) aloof
2) passive
3) active but odd
4) over formal/stilted

Question 4

At what age do we first show a social smile? (DeCasper and Frith (1980).

Answer 4

6 weeks

Question 5

Describe Meltzoff and Moore’s, (1977) study.

Answer 5

• imitation of neonate
• imitation between 12-21 days
• imitation accomplished by an active matching process

Question 6

What is joint attention?

Answer 6

A form of triadic interaction

Sharing of attention towards an object with a social partner

Question 7

Describe the process of joint attention in TD children

Answer 7

0-3 months:
Dyadic interaction

3-6 months:
Interest in objects
Turn-taking

6-10 months:
Respond to joint attention of others

12-18 months:
Triadic, joint attention

Question 8

Describe Mundy and Newell’s (2007) study.

Answer 8

• infants from 6-14months and their ability too:
- respond and initiate joint attention
• found that gaze direction can be found in 1st year of life

Question 9

Describe Leekam, et al’s. (2000) study.

Answer 9

• ASD have difficulties in dyadic and triadic levels
- reduced response to joint attention, a, and initiation
• specific developmental delay in children who use object presence to guide attention

Question 10

What are the subcategories of social impairment?

Answer 10

• failure to use non-verbal behaviours
• failure to develop peer relationships
• lack of socio-emotional reciprocity
• lack of shared enjoyment

Question 11

What are the subcategories of communication impairment?

Answer 11

• stereotyped, repetitive behaviours

* lack of make believe play

Question 12

Describe Turner, et al’s. (1999) study into RRBs.

Answer 12

• higher level - emerges later in development
- requires a certain level of ability
• lower level - not specific to ASD
- can be found in other developmental disorders
• 86% have circumscribed interests
• insistence on sameness: 82% with ID, 42% without ID
• ritualistic behaviour: 29% with ID, and 68% without ID

Question 13

What did Gesell, (1928) say about RRBs in TD?

Answer 13

Between 2 and 4 yrs is the norm for the development of compulsive behaviour

Question 14

Describe Evans, et al’s. (1997) study.

Answer 14

• 2-4 yrs engage in compulsive behaviour more than other ages
• 75% of 24-35, 36-47 show compulsions

Question 15

Describe Arnott, et al’s. (2010) 4 subtypes of RRBs.

Answer 15

1) preoccupation with circumscribed interests
2) non-functional routines
3) motor mannerisms
4) preoccupation with part of an object