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CB1131 - Intro to Biomolecular Engineering > Week 2 - Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Week 2 - Transcription and Translation Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate

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2
Q

RNA

A

Ribose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate

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3
Q

Nucleotide

A

Sugar + base + phosphate

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4
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar + base

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5
Q

DNA pyramidines

A

Thymine + Cytosine

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6
Q

DNA purines

A

Adenine + Guanine

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7
Q

How many rings are in purines?

A

2

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8
Q

How many rings are in pyramidines?

A

1

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9
Q

Functions of DNA

A

Storage of genetic information, Replication + inheritance, Expression of genetic messages into proteins

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10
Q

Three forms of RNA

A

rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

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11
Q

What is rRNA?

A

75% to 80% of cellular DNA, form ribosomes and produced in nucleus

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12
Q

What is tRNA?

A

RNA transcribed by RNAP III

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13
Q

Define transcription

A

Formation of RNA from DNA

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14
Q

General steps of transcription

A

Initiation, Elongation and Termination

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15
Q

How is transcription initiated?

A

RNA polymerase II attaches itself onto the TATA-binding protein (TBP) which is a subunit of TFIID

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16
Q

What is the TATA box?

A

Promoter sequence, 24-32 bases upstream of the initiator

17
Q

How is the RNA strand elongated?

A

Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.

18
Q

What is termination?

A

Termination includes cleavage of messenger RNA.

19
Q

Coding strand vs template strand

A

Coding strand: the RNA should be a RNA version of the coding strand, with uracil present instead of thymine
Template strand: the RNA is formed complementary to the template strand

20
Q

How is mRNA modified after transcription?

A
  1. Addition of a methylated guanosine cap at 5’ end
    a) prevention of 5’ digestion by exonucleases
    b) allow for the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus + aid in translation
  2. Addition of poly a tail at 3’ end
    a) protection from premature degradation by exonuclease
  3. Removing of exons from the mRNA

Note: mRNA contains non-coding segments called untranslated regions at ends 5′ and 3′ which play regulatory roles

21
Q

What is the wobble hypothesis?

A

States that the steric requirement between anticodon (tRNA) and codon (mRNA) is very strict for the first two positions and more flexible for the 3rd

22
Q

Initiation of translation

A

Ribosome attaches itself to the initiation codon (AUG) of the mRNA, the codon will be read 5’ to 3’ (in triplets)

23
Q

Elongation of translation

A

The amino acid chain will lengthen as the codon moves from the A, P to E site

24
Q

Termination of translation

A

Release factors enter the A site, which leads to the hydrolysis of ester bonds linking polypeptide to tRNA

Three types of release factors: RF1 (UAA/UAG), RF2 (UAA/UGA), RF3 (non-codon specific)

25
Q

How are secretory proteins prepared by the ribosome and the RER?

A
  • mRNA binds to free ribosome
  • N-terminal signal peptide synthesized and target new protein to ER
  • recognition of SRP bound protein by SRP receptor
  • recognition of ribosome and membrane channel (BIP)
  • SRP released, protein synthesis resumed and channel widened
  • protein released in ER lumen, and ribosome released for reuse
26
Q

How are integral membrane proteins prepared by the ribosome and the RER?

A
  • mRNA binds to free ribosome
  • N-terminal signal peptide synthesized and target new protein to ER
  • recognition of SRP bound protein by SRP receptor
  • recognition of ribosome and membrane channel (BIP)
  • translocation of newly synthesized integral protein in channel stopped by
    transmembrane helice
  • channel opened and integral protein transferred to lipid bilayer
27
Q

Membrane biosynthesis

A
  • membrane lipids are made in ER and
    Golgi
  • phospholipids are made by ER
    membrane enzymes
  • membrane lipids inserted to plasma
    membrane together with other
    components
28
Q

What are chaperones?

A

Proteins which aid in folding

CB1131 - Intro to Biomolecular Engineering (4 decks)

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