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Reproductive - Anatomy > Week 2 - The Female Reproductive System and Breast > Flashcards

Week 2 - The Female Reproductive System and Breast Flashcards

1
Q

The female reproductive system lies within which two areas of the body?

A

The pelvic cavity and perineum

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2
Q

Which aspects of the female reproductive system lie within the pelvic cavity?

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and superior part of vagina

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3
Q

Which aspects of the female reproductive system lie within the perineum?

A

Inferior part of the vagina, perineal muscles, Bartholin’s glands, clitoris and labia

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4
Q

The inferior part of the parietal peritoneum forms what?

A

The floor of the peritoneal cavity and the roof over the superior pelvic organs

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5
Q

The inferior part of the parietal perineum forming a roof over the pelvic organs allows the formation of what structures?

A

Vesico-uterine and recto-uterine pouches

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6
Q

Excess (abnormal) fluid in the peritoneal cavity tends to collect where? Why?

A

The pouch of Douglas (rectouterine pouch) - this is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in the anatomical position

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7
Q

Fluid collection in the pouch of Douglas can be drained how? What is this process known as?

A

A needle gets passed through the posterior fornix of the vagina, this is known as culdocentesis

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8
Q

What is the broad ligament of the uterus formed of?

A

A double layer of peritoneum

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9
Q

Where does the broad ligament extend between?

A

The uterus, and the lateral walls and floor of the pelvis

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10
Q

What is the function of the broad ligament?

A

Helps to maintain the uterus in its correct midline position

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11
Q

What is contained within the broad ligament?

A

The uterine tubes and the proximal part of the round ligament

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12
Q

The broad ligament is divided into 3 parts. What is the part that covers the uterine tubes known as?

A

Mesosalpinx

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13
Q

The broad ligament is divided into 3 parts. What is the part that covers the ovary known as?

A

Mesovarium

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14
Q

The broad ligament is divided into 3 parts. What is the part that covers the uterus known as?

A

Mesometrium

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15
Q

Which ligament of the uterus is an embryological remnant?

A

Round ligament

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16
Q

Which aspect of the uterus does the round ligament attach to?

A

Lateral

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17
Q

The round ligament passes through which structure to attach to the superficial tissue of the female perineum?

A

Deep inguinal ring

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18
Q

Proximally, the round ligament is contained within what?

A

The broad ligament

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus from outer to inner?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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20
Q

Implantation of a zygote occurs where?

A

In the body of the uterus

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21
Q

What are the 3 structures which form the support to hold the uterus in place?

A

Strong ligaments, endopelvic fascia, muscles of the pelvic floor

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22
Q

What is the most common position for the uterus to be in?

A

Anteverted (cervix tipped anterior relative to the axis of the vagina) and anteflexed (uterus tipped anterior relative to the axis of the cervix)

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23
Q

If the uterus is in the correct position, the mass of the uterus should be lying over what structure?

A

The bladder

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24
Q

Is it normal for the uterus to be retroverted and retroflexed?

A

Yes, this is a form of normal variation

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25
Q

What specific area of the cervix must always be sampled during a cervical smear?

A

The squamo-columnar junction (transformation zone)

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26
Q

Where in the uterine tubes does fertilisation occur?

A

The ampulla

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27
Q

The fimbriae at the ends of the uterine tubes open into where? What is the clinical significance of this?

A

They open into the peritoneal cavity, meaning that infection can pass between the two areas

28
Q

Which hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

29
Q

Where do the ovaries develop? Where do they move to after this?

A

They develop on the posterior abdominal wall and then move onto the lateral wall of the pelvis

30
Q

The descent of the ovaries during development leads to the formation of what structure?

A

Round ligament

31
Q

Which structures of the female reproductive tract, located in the pelvis are not covered in peritoneum?

A

The ovaries and the fimbriae of the uterine tubes

32
Q

The walls of the vagina are usually collapsed, apart from where? What does this form?

A

Superiorly, the cervix holds them apart forming a fornix

33
Q

What are the 4 parts of vaginal fornix?

A

Anterior, posterior and 2 lateral

34
Q

On vaginal examination, what bony structures can be palpated at the 4 and 8 o clock positions?

A

Ischial spines

35
Q

How do you feel the ovaries and uterine tubes on vaginal examination?

A

By placing fingers into the lateral fornix and the pressing deeply on the iliac fossa of the same side with the other hand

36
Q

What is the perineum?

A

The shallow space between the pelvic diaphragm and the skin

37
Q

Perineal muscles are divided into superficial and deep and are supplied by what nerve?

A

Pudendal nerve

38
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

A bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue into which the perineal muscles attach

39
Q

What is the function of Bartholin’s gland?

A

Produces mucus for lubrication

40
Q

What type of muscle is levator ani?

A

Skeletal (voluntary)

41
Q

What is the function of levator ani?

A

Provides support for pelvic organs, contracting during situations of raised intra-abdominal pressure

42
Q

What nerve supplies the levator ani?

A

Nerve to levator ani (S3, 4, 5)

43
Q

The bed of the breast extends to and from where in a superior-inferior direction?

A

Rib 2 - rib 6

44
Q

The bed of the breast extends to and from where in a medial-lateral direction?

A

Lateral border of the sternum to the mid-axillary line

45
Q

The breast lies on deep fascia which covers which muscles?

A

Pectoralis major and serratus anterior

46
Q

What are the spaces which lie between the fascia and breast known as?

A

Retromammary spaces

47
Q

The breast is firmly attached to the skin via what? These structures are orientated towards where?

A

Suspensory ligaments, orientated towards the areola

48
Q

Which hormone produces breast milk? Which hormone ejects breast milk?

A

Prolactin / oxytocin

49
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the breast known as?

A

Upper outer, upper inner, lower outer and lower inner

50
Q

To assess whether or not a breast lump is fixed, you should get the patient to place their hands on their hips to contract which muscle group?

A

Pectoral muscles

51
Q

Most lymph from the breasts drains to where? And then where?

A

Ipsilateral axillary nodes and then to supraclavicular nodes

52
Q

Lymph from which breast quadrants can drain ipsilaterally or contralaterally?

A

Inner quadrants

53
Q

Lymph from the lower inner breast quadrant can also drain to where?

A

Abdominal nodes

54
Q

Level 1 axillary nodes are found where?

A

Inferior and lateral to the pectorals minor

55
Q

Level 2 axillary nodes are found where?

A

Deep to the pectorals minor

56
Q

Level 3 axillary nodes are found where?

A

Superior and medial to the pectoralis minor

57
Q

What separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum?

A

Levator ani

58
Q

What is removed in a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy?

A

Both uterine tubes and ovaries

59
Q

What is removed in a unilateral salpingectomy?

A

One uterine tube

60
Q

What is the anal triangle filled with?

A

Fat and blood vessels

61
Q

What vessel supplies the medial aspect of the breast?

A

Internal thoracic (mammary) artery

62
Q

What vessel supplies the lateral aspect of the breast? What is this a branch of?

A

Lateral thoracic artery, a branch of the axillary artery

63
Q

What vessels supply the deep aspects of the breast?

A

Intercostal arteries

64
Q

What vessels are responsible for draining blood from the breast?

A

Internal thoracic (mammary), lateral thoracic and intercostal veins

65
Q

What is significant about intercostal veins draining blood from the breast when there is a cancer?

A

These veins go back to the thorax and so can cause cancer to spread into the thoracic spine

Reproductive - Anatomy (15 decks)

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