week 2 the brain and its development

Question 1

where does the higher level processing eg ltm occur in the brain

Answer 1

fore brain

Question 2

what’s the 3 major divisions of the brain

Answer 2

fore brain, mid brain and hind brain

Question 3

what does the mid brain look at

Answer 3

movement

Question 4

what does hind brain look at

Answer 4

automatic processes eg breathing

Question 5

what kind of cells are Hymenoptera males

Answer 5

haploid - males only receive genetic material from the mother and develop from an unfertilized egg, so they have half the number of chromosomes

Question 6

what is gray matter

Answer 6

inner component, primarily cell bodies, unmyelinated

Question 7

what is white matter

Answer 7

outer areas mainly myelinated axons

Question 8

what determines color of gray and white matter

Answer 8

myelin sheath - lipids/fats

Question 9

what’s the purpose of myelin sheath

Answer 9

helps with speed of neural impulses

Question 10

what’s the part of the brain which is most developed in humans compared to other animals

Answer 10

fore brain

Question 11

what ventricles is the fore brain made up of

Answer 11

lateral and third

Question 12

what subdivisions are there in the fore brain and which ventricles are they from

Answer 12

telencephalon in the lateral ventricle

diencephalon in the third ventricle

Question 13

what structures are located in the telencephalon

Answer 13

four lobes, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

Question 14

what are the four lobes called

Answer 14

frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

Question 15

what’s the role of the frontal lobe

Answer 15

processing, primary motor cortex

Question 16

why do dreams sometimes occur in non chronological order

Answer 16

the frontal lobe In the fore brain isn’t receiving enough blood so isn’t working properly - and this area controls order of processing of events

Question 17

what’s the role of the parietal lobe

Answer 17

receiving touch senses, primary sensory cortex

Question 18

what’s the role of the temporal lobe

Answer 18

auditory stuff, primary auditory cortex

Question 19

what’s the role of the occipital lobe

Answer 19

primary visual cortex

Question 20

what’s the main function of the limbic system

Answer 20

memory

Question 21

What 6 structures are located in the limbic system

Answer 21

amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum and maxillary bodies

Question 22

what 4 structures are located in the basal ganglia

Answer 22

amygdala, caudate, putamen and globus pallidus

Question 23

what does the caudate control?

Answer 23

motion

Question 24

what structures of the brain is important in Parkinson’s disease and what is the role of this area

Answer 24

globus pallidus - controls smooth movement

substantia nigra - responds to dopamine

Question 25

what structures are located in the diencephalon

Answer 25

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 26

what does the hypothalamus control

Answer 26

sleeping, reproductive behavior, eating and thermoregulation

Question 27

what does the pituitary gland control

Answer 27

hormones - endocrine system

Question 28

what's the ventricle called in the mid brain

Answer 28

cerebral aqueduct

Question 29

what's the subdivision called in the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain

Answer 29

mesencephalon

Question 30

what are the structures in the mesencephalon called

Answer 30

tectum and tegmentun

Question 31

what structures are located in the tectum of the mesencephalon

Answer 31

superior and inferior colliculi

Question 32

what 4 structures are located in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon

Answer 32

reticular formation, cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra

Question 33

what's the ventricle called in the hind brain

Answer 33

fourth

Question 34

what are the subdivisions called in the fourth ventricle of the hind brain

Answer 34

metencephalon and myelenephalon

Question 35

what are the 2 structures called in the metencephalon

Answer 35

cerebellum and pons

Question 36

what is the cerebellum involved in

Answer 36

balance

Question 37

what is the pons involved in and what is it part of

Answer 37

sleep and arousal - reticular formation

Question 38

what is the structure called in the myelenephalon/medulla

Answer 38

medulla oblongata

Question 39

on day 28 of embryonic development what does the human brain resemble

Answer 39

a hollow tube

Question 40

what is the neural plate

Answer 40

neural plate develops from the outer layer of the back of the embryo this is induced by chemical signals produced by the underlying layer known as the organizer

Question 41

cells of the neural plate are stem cells which means....

Answer 41

they can self replicate and replicate into any type of mature cell aka totipotency

Question 42

as the neural tube develops, the cells specialist into...

Answer 42

glial cells

Question 43

neural plate folds to form

Answer 43

neural groove

Question 44

where does neural proliferation occur

Answer 44

at the center of the neural tube - the ventricular zone

Question 45

at 40 days, what becomes visible

Answer 45

3 swellings which become the fore, mid and hind brain

Question 46

what are original cells in the ventricular zone called, and what do they do

Answer 46

progenitor cells they under symmetrical division producing similar cells

Question 47

what happens at 7 weeks

Answer 47

asymmetrical division occurs producing 1 progenitor and 1 brain cell

Question 48

what is the first brain cell at 7 weeks called

Answer 48

radial glial cells and has long extensions so neurons can climb along them

Question 49

what Is produced after radial glial cells

Answer 49

cajal-retzius cells

Question 50

what happens after 3 months when asymmetrical division stops

Answer 50

progenitor cells die - apoptosis

Question 51

what happens if you don't have apoptosis

Answer 51

cancer - uncontrolled cell division

Question 52

what are the 2 ways cells can migrate

Answer 52

1. somal translocation - radial or tangential - extension comes from top and cell body moved after with bottom retracting 2. glia mediated migration - follows/climbs the extensions from radial glial cells

Question 53

cells forming the neural crest go on to form...

Answer 53

the peripheral nervous system and migrate long distances tangentally

Question 54

what did krubitzer 1998 find about cortex of opossums

Answer 54

he removed area of cortex of an opossum which normally formed visual cortex. the visual cortex then developed in a different place and caused other areas eg audio and somatosensory to be smaller.

Question 55

what is required to generate area of occipital lobe which co-ordinates stereopsis (3D images)

Answer 55

visual stimulation from external stimuli

Question 56

what are the name of 3 processes that increases volume of brain x4

Answer 56

dendritic branching, synaptogenesis and myelination

Question 57

what age does the prefrontal cortex development level out

Answer 57

14

Question 58

what did Maguire et al 2000 find

Answer 58

taxi drivers have a larger posterior hippocampus, and decreased anterior hippocampus

Question 59

what did woolett and Maguire 2011 find

Answer 59

the time you spent as a taxi driver affects the volume of the hippocampus

Question 60

what did Elbert et al 1995 find about string musicians

Answer 60

have larger motor cortical maps of the hand on the right cortex. they are required to hold down strings with left hand

Question 61

how did braun et al 2000 find that being aware of stimulation matters

Answer 61

2 groups had stimulation to finger and thumb group 1 - passive exposure group 2 - active exposure; asked which digit stimulated only group 2 saw increase in size of map of finger on cortex

Question 62

which 2 parts continue to take part in neurogenesis

Answer 62

olfactory bulb and hippocampus

Question 63

what are properties of new neurons

Answer 63

1. lower activation (more reactive to stimuli) and plasticity threshold leading to preferential recruitment of these cells into functional circuits - kee et al 2007 2. over first month over 50% die 3. neurogenesis is positively affected by enriched environments or behavioral tasks such as spatial learning - Gould et al 1999 4. reduced neurogenesis leads to poor spatial learning - Barkas et al 2012

Question 64

what did pons et al 1990 find about remapping of somatosensory cortex

Answer 64

monkeys with severed sensory neurons to their arms had reorganized somatosensory cortex. the face area had expanded into what had previously received inputs from the arm