WEEK 2: RENAL PHYSIOLOGY & URINE FORMATION

Question 1

Each kidney contains approximately 1 to 1.5 million functional units called ________.

Answer 1

NEPHRONS

Question 2

Two types of Nephrons.

Answer 2

• Cortical Nephrons
• Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Question 3

Make up approximately 85% of nephrons and are situated primarily in the cortex of the kidney. Responsible primarily for removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients.

Answer 3

Cortical Nephrons

Question 4

Have longer loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney. Its primary function is concentration of the urine.

Answer 4

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Question 5

• Renal blood flow
• Glomerular reabsorption
• Tubular reabsorption
• Tubular secretion

Answer 5

Renal Functions

Question 6

Supplies blood to the kidney.

Answer 6

Renal Artery

Question 7

The human kidney receive approximately ____ of the blood pumped through the heart at all times.

Answer 7

25%

Question 8

Blood enters the capillaries of the nephron through the ________. It then flows through the ________ and into the ________

Answer 8

Afferent Arteriole; Glomerulus; Efferent Arteriole

Question 9

Before returning to the renal vein, blood from the efferent arteriole enters the ________ and the ________ and flows slowly through the cortex and medulla of the kidney close to the tubules.

Answer 9

Peritubular Capillaries; Vasa Recta

Question 10

Surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

Answer 10

Peritubular Capillaries

Question 11

This is where the immediate reabsorption of essential substances from the fluid happens.

Answer 11

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 12

This is where the final adjustment of the urinary composition happens.

Answer 12

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Question 13

Located adjacent to the ascending and descending loops of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons.

Answer 13

Vasa Recta

Question 14

In this area, the major exchanges of water and salts takes place between the blood and the ________

Answer 14

Medullary Intersitium

Question 15

The exchange maintains the ________ (salt concentration) in the medulla, which is necessary for renal concentration.

Answer 15

Osmotic Gradient

Question 16

Total renal blood flow is approximately __________

Answer 16

1200 mL/min

Question 17

Total renal plasma flow ranges from __________

Answer 17

600 to 700 mL/min

Question 18

________ consists of a coil of approximately eight capillary lobes.

Answer 18

Glomerulus

Question 19

The walls of the glomerulus are referred to as the __________

Answer 19

Glomerular Filtration Barrier

Question 20

The glomerulus is located within ________, which forms the beginning of the renal tubule.

Answer 20

Bowmann capsule

Question 21

Three glomerular filtration barrier cellular layers

Answer 21

• Capillary Wall Membrane
• Basement Membrane (Basal lamina)
• Visceral Epithelium of the Bowmann capsule

Question 22

The endothelial cells of the capillary wall differ from those in other capillaries by containing pores and are referred to as ___________

Answer 22

Fenestrated endothelium