Week 2: Psychosis Or Psychoses? Flashcards
What were the 5 diagnostic criteria identified by Robbins and Guze, (1980)?
1) clinical description
2) lab studies
3) delimitation of other disorders
4) outcome studies
5) family studies
What criteria did Kendler (1990) add to Robbins and Guze’s criteria (1980)?
Treatment studies
Describe Reinghaus, et al’s. (2013) study and findings.
• current diagnostics have limited validity
- unitary/pentagonal model needed
• DSM/ICD are categorical = x
• general psychosis is caused by underlying psychopathological features
- can explain shared symptoms
If symptoms are used as a basis of classification, what do they need to have/be?
1) distinct symptom profiles
2) continuous symptom profiles
what affective state is schizophrenia and bipolar?
S:
Psychotic
BP:
Affective
What does a data matrix do?
- creates possible combinations of S. symptoms
- determines dimensional or categorical
- 2 patients may have totally different symptoms
Describe Reiger, et al’s. (2013) study into reliability of diagnosis.
• reliability with interclass kappa • s., Saffective and BP stabilised through DSM-5 • (reliability lower than 0.7 is low) - S: 0.34 - 0.59 BP: 0.42 - 0.67
X DSM-5 has poor reliability
X used broad kappa values
Describe Reiger, et al’s. (2013) study into comorbidity of psychosis.
- they are the norm
* looked at MDD (10%), PTSD (11%), AUD (7%) and GAD (0.4%)
Describe Semple, et al’s. (2005) study into medication.
Psychosis:
- typical/atypical anti-psychotics
Depression
- anti-depressants
- psychotic depression
Bipolar-1
- anti-depressants
- lithium
Name 2 types of symptoms clustering.
Latent class and cluster analysis
Describe Kendler, et al’s. (1998) study into latent class analysis.
• LCA to psychotic/affective patients
• 6 classes found:
- S., MD, Saffective, BP, SMania, Hebephrenia,
• signif increase in all relatives
X unitary model not appropriate
X patients may be misclassified
What are the 3 main traits of Eysenck’s theory of psychopathology?
Psychoticism
Extroversion
Neuroticism
What are the 4 subtypes of schizotypy in Claridge’s (1996) model?
1) unusual experience
2) cognitive disorganisation
3) introverted anhedonia
4) impulsive non-conformity
What did Nelson, et al. (2013) say about schizotypy?
- it should be a fully dimensional approach
- high scores of schizotypy in psychotic patients/relatives
- brain/neuropsychological abnormalities in psychotic patients
- it’s on a continuum
What is the DSM-5 criteria for Schizotypy?
• personality disorder
• measure if psychosis proneness
• 5 or more of following:
- lack of close friends, suspicious, paranoid, excessive social anxiety, odd thinking
What is the DSM-5 criteria for Cyclothymic disorder?
• need 2 years of:
- hypomania symptoms
- depressive episodes (not MDD criteria)
- signif. distress caused
What is the DSM-5 criteria for persistent depressive disorder?
- mixture of MDD and dysthymia
- de-mood for most of the day for 2 year period
- no mania
What are the 3 subtypes of dementia praecox?
Catalonia
Hebephrenia
Dementia paranoids
Describe Crow’s (1980) two types of Schizophrenia.
Type 1: + syndrome
- hallucinations, delusions etc
- acute s
- reversible
- increase in DA receptors
Type 2: - syndrome
- flattened affect
- chronic s
- irreversible
- loss of cells/structural brain damage
Describe Liddle, et al’s. (1987) study into syndrome clusters.
• factor analysis on symptoms of 40 pps • 3 dimensions: 1) reality distortion 2) disorganisation 3) psychomotor poverty
Describe Potuzak, et al’s. (2012) study.
• meta analysis of 39 studies: • found 4 dimensions of psychosis 1) + symptoms 2) - symptoms 3) disorganisation 4) affective symptom dimensions
Describe Reinghaus, et al’s. (2012) study into unitary psychosis
• factor analysis of 816 patients • bi-factor model tested validity • supports theory of general psychosis • 5 domains: - + & - symptoms, mania, depression, disorganisations
What did Haslam, et al. (2012) say about taxonic structure of psychosis?
- schizotypy has a taxonic structure
- psychosis is categorically different to non-psychosis
- most psych variation is dimensional
Describe DM-5 criteria for Schizo. Spectrum disorder
• re-revised to include spectrum:
1) hallucinations
2) disorganised beliefs
3) - symptoms
4) depression
5) delusions
6) abnormal psychomotor behaviour
7) impaired condition
8) mania
