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Week 2 - Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 cells make up the innate immune system?

A

1) Macrophages
2) Neutrophils
3) Eosinophils
4) Basophils

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2
Q

Macrophages:

The 3 ways they function?

A

1) Phagoctytosis of pathogens
2) Present antigens to T cells
3) Produce cytokines

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3
Q

Neutrophils:

The 2 ways they function?

A

1) Phagocytosis of pathogens

2) Release hyrdrolytic enzymes

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4
Q

Eosinophils:

The 3 ways they function?

A

1) Degranulation onto surface of parasites
2) Produce inflammatory cytokines
3) Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complex

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5
Q

Basophils:

The 2 ways they function?

A

1) Release chemotactic cytokines

2) Interact with IgE to cause local inflammatory response

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6
Q

What 4 proteins make up the Innate immune response?

A

1) Antibodies
2) Cytokines
3) Complement
4) Inflammatory mediators

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7
Q

What are the 3 cell types that make up the Adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocytes:

1) B-cells
2) CD4+ (T-cells)
3) CD8+ (T-cells)

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8
Q

How do CD4+ cells function?

A
  • Recognises antigens on MHC proteins produced by Antigen presenting cells
  • Produce cytokines to activate macrophages and inflammation
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9
Q

How do CD8+ cells function?

A

Directly kill pathogens

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10
Q

How do B-cells function?

A
  • Antibody production

- Stimulation of CD4+ cells

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11
Q

What are the 3 main functions of Antibodies?

A

1) Opsonisation (makes pathogens easier to phagocytose)
2) Activate complement proteins
3) Neutralise toxins and pathogens

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12
Q

What are the 4 functions of Complement proteins?

A

1) Promote inflammation
2) Opsonisation of pathogens
3) Insertion of MAC (Membrane attack complexes) onto pathogen membranes
4) Cytolysis (killing of pathogens)

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13
Q

Class 1 MHC present to what cells?

A

CD8 T cells

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14
Q

Class 2 MHC present to what cells?

A

CD4 T cells

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of Antibodies?

A

1) IgM
2) IgA
3) IgG
4) IgE

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16
Q

How does the IgM Antibody function?

A
  • Part of the primary immune response
  • Low affinity
  • Activate complement proteins
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17
Q

How does the IgA Antibody function?

A

Neutralises pathogens

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18
Q

How does the IgG Antibody function?

A
  • Secondary immune response
  • High affinity
  • Activates complement proteins
  • Opsonises pathogens
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19
Q

How does the IgE Antibody function?

A
  • Involved in allergy response

- Bind to mast cells (resulting in histamine release)

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20
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A
  • First response to a pathogen
  • Mainly IgM mediated
  • Lower affinity (i.e. less effective)
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21
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A
  • Later onset than primary
  • Mostly IgG mediated
  • Higher affinity (i.e. more effective)
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22
Q

What are the 3 categories of immune system dysfunction?

A

1) Hypersensitivity
2) Autoimmune
3) Immunodeficiency

23
Q

What are the 2 types of autoimmunity?

A

1) Organ specific ( e.g. T1DM)

2) systemic (e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis)

24
Q

What are the 4 types of Hypersensitivity?

A

1) Type 1 - Immediate/atopic
2) Type 2 - Cytotoxic/Antibody dependent
3) Type 3 - Immune complex
4) Type 4 - Cell mediated

25
What is Type 1 hypersensitivity?
- Immediate/atopic - Occurs immediately - Mediated by IgE binding to mast cells - Increased severity on repeated exposure
26
Give 3 examples of Type 1 hypersensitivity conditions
1) Asthma 2) Eczema 3) Hay fever
27
How does Type 1 hypersensitivity work?
- Antigen presented to CD4 cells resulting in IgE production | - IgE binds to mast cells and leads to degranulation (release of histamines, prostglandins and inflammatory cytokines)
28
What effect does Type 1 hypersensitivity have on tissue?
1) Early phase (occurs within minutes) - smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability due to histamine and prostglandins) 2) Late Phase (hours to days) - T-cells recruited resulting in sustained smooth muscle contraction and tissue remodeling
29
What type of hypersensitivity is Anaphylaxis?
Type 1
30
What is the pathology of Anaphylaxis?
- A Severe and systemic Type 1 hypersensitivity - Widespread degranulation of mast cells resulting in widespread vascular permeability which leads to closure of airways due to swelling and loss of circulatory volume (Shock)
31
What is Type 2 Hypersensitivity?
- Antibodies attack human cells directly. (an autoimmune disease) - Mostly IgG/IgM mediated
32
Name 3 diseases that are categorised as Type 2 Hypersensitivity
1) Bullous pemphigoid 2) Grave's disease 3) Drug associated haemolysis
33
What is Bullous Pemphigoid?
- Type 2 Hypersensitivity | - Formation of blisters
34
What is Type 3 Hypersensitivity?
``` Immune complexes (IgG/IgM) bind to a soluble antigen which then aggregate in small blood vessels. - This causes occlusion, complement activation and inflammation. ```
35
Name 2 diseases that are categorised as Type 3 Hypersensitivity
1) Rheumatoid arthritis | 2) Systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE)
36
What is Type 4 Hypersensitivity?
- Cell mediated (lymphocytes) - Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (several days after exposure) - Lymphocytes are sensitised to own cells and directly attack them
37
Name 2 diseases that are categorised as Type 4 Hypersensitivity
1) Type 1 diabetes | 2) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
38
Give an example of 3 organ specific autoimmune conditions
1) T1DM 2) Myasthenia Gravis 3) Addison's disease
39
Give an example of 3 systemic autoimmune conditions
1) Rheumatoid arthritis 2) Systemic Lupus (SLE) 3) Multiple Sclerosis
40
Outline the Pathophysiology of T1DM
- Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells | - Leads to insulin deficiency
41
Outline the Pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis
- Syndrome of fatiguable muscle weakness | - IgG against acetylcholine receptor preventing signal transduction
42
Outline the Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid arthritis
- Chronic, auto-inflammatory autoimmune disease - IgM directed against IgG (this is called Rheumatoid factors) - Aggregate in synovial fluid and other tissue - This leads to inflammation.
43
Give 5 signs associated with Rheumatoid arthritis
1) Pulmonary fibrosis and nodules 2) pericarditis 3) Soft tissue nodules 4) small vessel vasculitis 5) Joint pain/deformities
44
What is the pharmacological management of autoimmune diseases?
1) Immunosuppression (steroids etc) | 2) Biologic therapies (Infliximab, Etanercept etc)
45
What is Inflammation?
- Physiological response to tissue injury | - Has vascular and cellular components
46
Name 4 causes of inflammation
1) Infection 2) Tissue necrosis (burns, radiation etc) 3) foreign materials 4) Immune reactions
47
What are the 5 main features of inflammation?
1) Redness (vessels dilate) 2) Heat (increased blood flow) 3) Pain (stimulation of pain receptors) 4) Swelling (fluid accumulates) 5) Loss of function (due to selling and pain)
48
There are 5 steps in the Inflammatory process, what are they?
1) Vascular changes 2) Extravasation 3) Leukocyte activation 4) Removing offending agent 5) Termination
49
Inflammatory process: | What occurs during vascular changes?
- Vasodilation - Increased vascular permeability - Vascular congestion - Endothelial activation
50
Inflammatory process: | What occurs during Extravasation?
- Margination - Rolling - Adhesion - Migration - Fuck learning it in more detail
51
Inflammatory process: | What occurs during leukocyte activation?
- Toll like receptors on leukocytes recognise pathogen | - Activates T cells/CD4/CD8 cells to go to work
52
Inflammatory process: | What occurs during the removal of the offending agent?
- Phagocytosis (WBC's) leading to killing/degradation of pathogen
53
Inflammatory process: | What occurs during termination?
- Removal of stimulus | - Short neutrophil life

Medicine (4 decks)

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