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2229 > WEEK 2 Oncology Nursing > Flashcards

WEEK 2 Oncology Nursing Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the 7 forms of cancer treatment

A
  1. Chemotherapy
  2. Radiation Therapy
  3. Targeted Therapy
  4. Surgery
  5. Immunotherapy
  6. Hormone Transplant
  7. Transplant
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2
Q

What is targeted therapy?

A

Aims to target the particular cancer diagnosed e.g. Herceptin for primary breast cancer

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3
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

Uses the body’s own immune system to fight the cancer. Challenge is that it is hard to specifically stimulate the immune system and not the rest of the body systems

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4
Q

What is hormone therapy?

A

Used to slow to growth of hormone sensitive tumours by blocking the production of a hormone e.g. oestrogen in oestrogen responsive breast cancers

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5
Q

What is transplant used for in cancer therapy?

A

E.g. stem cell transplants to increase stem cell count in order to fight the cancer to a better extent

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6
Q

Why is chemotherapy given in cycles?

A

Chemotherapy also kills healthy cells, therefore administering chemotherapy in cycles means the normal cells are given time to recover in between treatments

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7
Q

What are the main areas of the body most commonly affected by chemotherapy?

A

Hair, mouth, stomach, bowel, bone marrow, skin

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8
Q

Define Cell cycle SPECIFIC chemotherapy

A

Agents that act on cells in a specific phase. Most effective against cancers that are rapidly growing

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9
Q

Define Cell cycle NON SPECIFIC chemotherapy

A

Agents that act on cells no matter what phase of cell cycle they are in. Effective against slow growing tumours and rapidly dividing tumours

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10
Q

Describe cell kill hypothesis

A

States that a chemotherapy concentration given for a defined period of time kills a constant fraction of cells in the population, independent of the no. of cells. Because only a fraction are killed per treatment, repeated doses must be administered to reduce the tumour size

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11
Q

List some routes of administration for chemotherapy

A

Oral
Topical
IV
IM
SC
Intra arterial
Intra pleural

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12
Q

List some side effects of chemotherapy

A

Fatigue
Nausea/Vomiting
Pain
Sores in throat/mouth
Changes to skin
Diarrhoea/constipation
Hair loss
Emotional changes

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13
Q

Identify the 3 types of bone marrow suppression

A

Anaemia
Leucopenia
Thrombocytopenia

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14
Q

Define Anaemia

A

Low RBC count = Low Hb count = Decreased perfusion to body = Fatigue, tachycardia

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15
Q

Define Leucopenia

A

Low WBC count = Immunocompromised patients

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16
Q

Define Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count = Decreased haemostasis (Stopping of bleeding) = Increased bruising and bleeding

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17
Q

Identify 3 nursing considerations within Chemotherapy

A
  • Educate patient on what to expect/what is common/not common
  • Educate on importance of taking temp each day/who and when to contact doctor
  • Blood tests prior to cycle to assess bone marrow function
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18
Q

Define Radiation Therapy

A

Clinical and scientific discipline using ionizing radiation to treat neoplastic disease

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19
Q

Describe the effect of radiation therapy

A

Damages the nucleus of cells which in turn damages DNA synthesis = Cells loose the ability to reproduce

20
Q

How often is Radiation therapy typically used?

A

Typically one fraction is given each day until the total dose is reached

21
Q

What is radiation therapy typically used for?

A
  • To shrink the tumour prior to surgery
  • Destroy remaining cancer cells after surgery
  • Relieve symptoms of a tumour
22
Q

Identify the two types of Radiation Therapy

A

Internal and External

23
Q

Describe External Radiation Therapy

A

Uses a machine to beam radiation onto the tumour. The area is precise, minimising radiation exposure to other areas. Usually given 5x per week and is painless but uncomfortable

24
Q

Describe Internal Radiation Therapy

A

Radiation given via a needle, catheter or specialised device which stays in the person for mins-days. May require daily hospital visit/stay. Can give off small amounts of radiation to people around you

25
Q

What is another name for Internal Radiation Therapy

A

Brachytherapy

26
Q

Identify some side effects of Radiation Therapy

A

Skin problems e.g. dryness/itchiness
Fatigue
(Depending on place of radiation: Dental problems, nausea, stiffness in chest etc.)

27
Q

Define neo-adjuvant treatment

A

All treatments administered before the primary cancer treatment e.g. Radiation before surgery to reduce tumour size

28
Q

Define adjuvant treatment

A

Treatments administered after the primary treatment e.g. Chemotherapy administered after radiation when radiation is the primary treatment

29
Q

Define complementary medicine

A

Therapies used alongside conventional therapies to enhance QOL for patients with cancer

30
Q

What are 5 examples of complementary therapies?

A

Nutritional (Supplements, special diets)
Psychological (Mindfulness)
Physical (Massage)
Yoga
Deep breathing

31
Q

Identify 3 non pharmacological measures in cancer management

A

Treat side effects
Education/Support/Reassurance
Referrals

32
Q

Identify HCP in the interprofessional team of cancer management

A

Radiologists
Surgeons
Oncologists
Dieticians
Physiotherapists

33
Q

Define multidisciplinary care

A

The development of pathways for treatment with the relevant healthcare professionals to provide highest level of care for the patient

34
Q

Identify 3 benefits of an effective multidisciplinary approach

A

Improved team communication
Detection of emotional needs of patient
Reduction in service duplication

35
Q

What is the purpose of a multidisciplinary care meeting

A

Deliberate face to face meeting involving a range of health professionals to facilitate best practice management of all patients with cancer

36
Q

How does the patient benefit from an effective multidisciplinary approach?

A

They know their providers are working as a team, improved communication and understanding

37
Q

Identify the role of nurses in the multidisciplinary team in cancer management

A

Communication between HCP
Referrals PRN
Monitor symptoms/Escalate PRN
Patient advocate
Specialist cancer nurses

38
Q

Identify the 5 Oncological Emergencies

A
  1. Neutropenic Sepsis
  2. Spinal Cord Compression
  3. Tumour Lysis Syndrome
  4. Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
  5. Hypercalcemia
39
Q

Describe neutropenic sepsis

A

Patients are immunocompromised due to treatment, therefore more susceptible to infection. Symptoms include flu like symptoms, fever, shivering

40
Q

Describe spinal cord compression

A

Often associated with breast, lung, prostate, renal tumours causing intense localised back pain, vertebral tenderness and paraesthesia

41
Q

Describe tumour lysis syndrome

A

Associated with tumours that are rapidly growing where intracellular components e.g. K+/DNA/RNA are released. Patient produces 4 conditions which result in weakness, muscle cramps, N&V, diarrhoea

42
Q

What are the 4 conditions associated with tumour lysis syndrome

A

Hypocalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperkalemia
Hyperuricaemia

43
Q

Describe superior vena cava obstruction

A

Caused by small lung cancer, lymphoma etc. Tumour presses against SVC or tumour grows into SVC causing it to become partially blocked/compressed. Symptoms include facial oedema, distenstion of head and neck veins, mediastinal shift

44
Q

Describe hypercalcemia

A

Caused by metastatic bone disease or parathyroid hormone like substances excreted by cancer cells causing an increase in Ca+ in blood. Occurs when Ca serum levels rise above 3mmol/L. Symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness, polyuria/nocturia

45
Q

Identify the 4 steps to respond to oncological emergencies

A
  1. Nurse in a a single room
  2. Recognise/Detect deterioration (Assessment)
  3. React/Respond (Met call/Antibitotics)
  4. Review (Monitoring, fluid replacement)

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