Week 2 (Newborn and Perceptual Development) Flashcards
________________ birth is the birth of a newborn, also called a ______________, which is a baby under 28 days old.
Neonatal, neonate
Newborns experience many changes such as _______________ ________________ where a newborn’s body gets used to the colder temperatures outside of the womb.
temperature regulation
Before birth, the newborn is squeezed very _____________ in the birth canal.
tightly
After birth, the _____________ ______________ surrounding the baby in the womb is expelled from the lungs as the baby takes their first breaths.
amniotic fluid
______________ means a total depletion in the level of oxygen, it is considered a normal birth process and can occur temporarily during labour and delivery.
Anoxia
______________ is a soft, fine hair that covers a foetus in the uterus, it usually falls off shortly after birth.
Lanugo
_______________ ______________ may grow due to hormones or oil glands in the skin in infants, however, they usually go away naturally in a few days.
Newborn acne
The ____________ scale/score is a system that evaluates a newborn’s health by assessing five characteristics. Each characteristics is scored 0 to 2, with 2 being the best and they are typically administered 1 to 5 minutes after birth.
APGAR
_______________ from the APGAR scale mostly looks at the skin colour of the newborn. Blue-ish or pale skin would be rated as 0, whereas pink skin would be rated as 2.
Appearance
____________ from the APGAR scale typically measures the heart rate of a newborn. An absent heart rate would score a zero, whereas a rapid heart rate would score a two.
Pulse
____________ from the APGAR scale typically measures the reflexes of the baby. If there is no responsive reflex from the newborn, it would be scored zero. If there is a reflex (usually a cry), it would be scored two.
Grimace
____________ from the APGAR scale typically measures the muscle tone and movement of a newborn. Limp or no movements would be scored zero, active motion and movements would be scored two.
Activity
______________ from the APGAR scale typically measures the breathing of a newborn. Absent breathing would be scored zero, strong and regular breathing would score a two.
Respiration
A birth which occurs >3 weeks early (before 35 weeks) is called a ____________ birth.
premature
An average baby’s weight is typically 7 to 7.5 lbs or ~3.2-3.4kg. A low birth weight is a newborn below _______ lbs or ________ kg.
5.5 lbs or 2.5 kg
A _____________ _______________ _______________ ____________ baby refers to a baby who is smaller in size than is considered normal for the number of weeks of pregnancy.
small for gestational age
A _____________ is a substance that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in a developing foetus. Drugs and alcohol are examples.
teratogen
A _____ birth weight predict poorer long-term outcomes such as: cognitive impairments, hyperactivity, poor school performance.
low
____________ are in-born, involuntary and automatic responses to stimulation that are usually shared among all other newborns and infants.
Reflexes
The ___________ and ___________ reflexes are precursors to the function of feeding.
sucking and rooting
When a finger is put to the mouth of a newborn, it is expected to _________ the finger, this is called the ________ reflex.
suck, sucking
When a newborn is stimulated at the right side of their face (i.e. their right cheek being tickled), it should turns it head to the right where the stimulation is. This is called the _____________ reflex.
rooting
When an adult finger is placed near the baby’s hand, it is expected to spontaneously grab the finger. This is called the ____________ reflex, it is a precursor to voluntary grasping.
grasping
When a infant is startled or feels like they are falling, they would react by having a startled look and fling out their arms sideways. This is called the ________ reflex.
Moro
When a newborn’s feet is stroked, the big toe is expected to move upwards or towards the top surface of the food, and the other toes fan out. This is called the _____________ reflex.
Babinski
Most newborn reflexes disappear within a few ____________.
months
Newborn reflexes can be used as __________ ___________ for assessing neurological development.
screening tools
____________ strength or ____________ of a reflex can be an indication of an issue in neurological development in infants.
Abnormal, absence
____________ response in bilateral reflex, such as only one hand performing the grasping reflex instead of two, can be an indication of abnormal neurological development.
Unequal
Newborns typically spend __________ (the same/more/less) amount of time in quiet sleep than/and in active sleep.
the same
Newborns can __________ in the stability of the proportion of time spent in various states.
differ
The stability of newborn states tend to (decrease/increase/remain the same?) with age.
increase
Premature babies typically have _______ difficulty regulating their newborn states.
more
____________ _____________ sleep involves body movements, irregular heart rate and breathing, and distinct brain activity. It is usually associated with dreaming in adults.
Rapid eye-movement
Newborns typically spend at least ___% of their time in REM sleep. This amount ___________ with age.
50%, decreases
An experiment by J D Boismier suggests that the more we experience visual stimulation while awake, the ________ REM sleep we get.
less
A study done in 1992 by Morelli indicated that there were __________ variations between sleeping arrangements.
cultural
Crying can cause ________________ responses in adults such as increase in heart rate and blood pressure. It motivates adults to help.
physiological
Crying is initially a/an ________________ response, but it becomes ______________ at around 6 weeks.
involuntary, voluntary
If an infant or newborn is crying which sounds like there is genuine distress or pain, you should respond _________________.
immediately
A study (Hubbard & Van Ijzandoorn, 1991) suggested that mothers who respond more slowly to an infant, crying due to a minor upset, would results infants who cry _______ often.
less
__________________ is the study of how one’s environment can affect their gene expression. It gives rise to individual differences such as physical appearances and behaviours.
Epigenetics
Epigenetic changes may affect the _______________ to diseases and health risks. It can affect offspring later in life, even if exposed in the prenatal environment.
susceptibility
Factors such as maternal care and childhood adversity can also affect the nature of the offspring. An experiment on rats (Francis et al., 1999) indicated that offsprings of rats who showed less maternal care had ___________ responses to stress.
higher
An experiment (Kessler et al., 2010) looked at the affect of childhood adversities and if there were any long-term effects. They found that individuals who have experienced adversities during childhood (e.g., maltreatment, abuse) have __________ emotion regulation and ____________ hormonal responses to stress.
poorer, increased
Epigenetic changes can be _________ by various interventions and lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise.
reversed
Some newborn sensory capabilities, such as taste, smell, hearing, and touch, are fairly _____________ at birth.
well-developed
The ___________ of a newborn is poor at birth, however, it improves in a few months.
vision
The sense of taste of a newborn are usually developed before birth and their preferences are shown to be acquired from prenatal experience. An experiment (Mennella, Jagnow, & Beauchamp, 2001) indicated that babies who had experienced carrot juice prenatally ate ________ food containing carrot juice than the control babies.
more
An newborn’s sense of smell is fairly well-developed before birth. Newborns show a preference of their own amniotic fluid. Newborns also __________ pleasant smells than compared to sour smells.
prefer
For a newborn’s sense of taste and smell, they (are/are not) present at birth and have (some/no) ability to discriminate from different tastes and smells.
are present at birth and have some ability to discriminate
An experiment (MacFarlane, 1975) indicated that newborns were able to recognize familiar smells. Newborns as young as 6-days old showed (no/more) preference over their mother’s own smell rather than that of another lactating mother.
more preference
An experiment (Lecanuet et al., 2000) used habituation to test whether foetus’ had the ability to hear inside the womb. It was found that the foetus’ heart rate had _________ when exposed to novel sounds, suggesting that foetus’s had responded to the sound.
slowed
The ________________ __________________ ________________ is a research method that uses sounds to encourage to suck strongly when presented with an auditory stimulus.
high-amplitude sucking paradigm
Based on the high-amplitude sucking paradigm, infants tend to display (more/less?) sucking behaviour when excited
more
An experiment (Moon, Cooper, & Fifer, 1993) looked at infants’ reactions to their native language versus another language. It was found that infants (did/did not) have a preference to their native language.
did
The “Cat in the Hat” study (Decasper & Spence, 1986) tested if foetus’ can hear while in the womb. It was found that foetus who had heard a story in the womb had _______ preference for the story outside the womb after birth.
more
_______________ ________________ is the ability to determine the origin of a sound, including its direction and distance. Newborns do not have this ability, they are unable to hear very soft sounds and do not have echo suppression.
Auditory localization
_____________ _______________ is described as the process of adult auditory systems ignoring certain information, such as a negligible delay in sound from a speaker (Clifton et al, 1981).
Echo suppression
The __________ is the central region of the retina, vision is most sharp at this area.
fovea
_______________ ______________ is a condition where both eyes’ fovea are directed at the same object.
Bifoveal fixation
One of the reasons why babies have poor vision at birth is due to their inability to perform _______________ _______________. This results in their eyes being unable to converge on a singular object.
bifoveal fixation
As compared to an adult’s eye’s focusing response, an infants’ focusing response is _________ and ____________. The image focused is behind the retina resulting in blurry images.
slow and imprecise
________ are a type of photoreceptor cell in the retina which enables the eye to see in low light. They are mostly responsible for night and peripheral vision due to its sensitivity to bright light and in darkness.
Rods
________ are a type of photoreceptor cell in the retina that enables the eye to see sharp and detailed images. It is also responsible for colour vision.
Cones
An infant’s fovea is comparably much ________ than an adult’s fovea. It is littered with other cells and are immature.
wider
_____________ _____________ is a measure of clarity or sharpness of vision.
Visual acuity
An experiment by Mayer & Dobson (1982) measured the ______________ ____________ of an infant based on their ability to differentiate and detect stripes.
visual acuity
The visual acuity of an infant develops quite ____________. They are able to detect stripes of different sizes (Mayer & Dobson, 1982) the older they get.
rapidly
Infants have initially ________ colour vision at birth. They are __________ to detect differences in basic colours such as grey vs red.
poor/bad, unable
Like visual acuity, the colour vision of an infant develops quite __________. Colour vision is essentially _____________ by 3 to 4 months.
rapidly, adult-like
Infants, specifically 4-month-olds, were tested (Quinn et al., 2001) on their ability of ______________ ______________, which is the process of recognizing objects based on their physical appearance. Results showed that infants were (able/unable) to tell the difference between a cat and a dog.
perceptual categorization, able
Infants have a preference for novel stimulus. This can be used by measuring how long an infant looks at a particular stimulus. ____________ and ___________ ____________ are then used to determine which stimulus an infant prefers.
Habituation and preferential looking
__________________ is the diminishing of an innate response to a frequently repeated stimulus.
Habituation
_________________ _______________ is an experimental method in developmental psychology that assesses how infants perceive visual and auditory stimuli by measuring how long an infant or young child looks at a certain stimulus.
Preferential looking
_________________ ________________ is the ability to perceive and understand an item, animal, or person based on past experiences.
Visual recognition
A study (Fagan, 1973) done on infants (5- to 6-month olds) used preferential looking and habituation to determine if infants had the ability to differentiate and recognize faces. Result showed that the infants looked longer at novel faces, even after delays (10 seconds to 2 weeks) this indicates that infants are capable of _______________ _______________ ______________.
long-term visual recognition
The __________________ _________________ _______________ paradigm is a research technique used in developmental psychology, particularly in infants. It studies an infant’s cognitive abilities by presenting them with events that either align with or violate expected physical laws and observing their reaction.
violation of expectation
A study (Needham et al., 1997) looks at how infants are able to recognize and perceive objects based on their _____________ information such as their colour, size, and texture.
featural
