Week 2 - Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Define the CNS and PNS and describe briefly their functions:
A
- CNS is compromised of the Brain and Spinal cord
a) Integration and control centre of the body - PNS is compromised of the nerves (cranial nerves coming from brain and spinal nerves coming from spine)
a) Motor (efferent) division: send signals to control motor nerve fibres inducing motor movement
b) Sensory (afferent) division: receive signals from sensory nerve fibres in receptors to send to CNS
2
Q
What is the difference between the cerebrum and the cerebellum?
A
- The cerebellum is the main part of the brain consisting of 2 cerebral hemispheres with 4 lobes on each hemisphere
a) It has sensory, motor, and higher mental functions - The cerebrum is smaller and consists of 2 cerebellar hemispheres connected by peduncles to the brain stem
a) It has motor coordination, posture maintenance, and balance functions
3
Q
What are gyrus and sulcus?
A
- The gyri are the bumps and sulci are the grooves that divide each cerebral hemisphere into four lobes
- Folding of sulci and gyri increase amount of cerebral cortex that can fit in the skull
4
Q
Identify the following:
- Major lobes of cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Regions of the brainstem
- Regions of the Diencephalon
- Corpus callosum
A
- Diagram 10
- Diagram 10
- Diagram 8
- Diagram 8
- Diagram 8
5
Q
Identify the following:
- Longitudinal fissue
- Lateral sulcus
- Central sulcus
- Parieto-occipital sulcus
- Calcarine sulcus
A
- ?
- Diagram 9
- Diagram 9
- Diagram 9
- ?
6
Q
Identify the following:
- Precentral gyrus
- Post-central gyrus
- Primary somatosensory cortex
- Primary motor cortex
- Broca’s area
- Primary auditory cortex
- Wernicke’s area
- Primary visual cortex
A
- Diagram 9
- Diagram 9
- Diagram 10
- Diagram 10
- Diagram 10
- Diagram 10
- Diagram 10
- Diagram 10
7
Q
What is grey and white matter made up of?
A
- Grey matter - unmyelinated tissue: neuronal cell bodies, glial cells, synapses, and capillaries
- White matter - myelinated tissue: axons of the myelinated axons, tracts
8
Q
What are the main functions of the lobes of the cerebral cortex?
A
- Frontal lobe:
a) Voluntary motor control
b) Problem solving, emotions, and behavioural control
c) Personality - Parietal lobe:
a) Touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature perception - Occipital lobe:
a) Perception of vision - Temporal lobe:
a) Auditory processing
b) Language comprehension
c) Memory and information retrieval
9
Q
What are the main functions of the brainstem?
A
- Divided into
a) Midbrain
b) Pons
c) Medulla Oblongata - Main functions:
a) Connects CNS to spinal cord
b) Houses cranial nerve nuclei
c) Contains special control centres for vital functions
d) Contains neural pathways
10
Q
What are the functions of the neuroglia cells?
A
- Astrocytes
a) Structural support for neurons - connects neurons to blood vessels
b) Maintains/regulates synaptic connections
c) Provides nutrients for neurons
d) Reacts to injuries - astrogliosis - Oligodendrocytes
a) Provide support to axons of neurons in the CNS
b) Produce myelin sheaths for axon - Microglia
a) Brains immune cells which protect against injury/disease
b) Brain macrophage - can engulf and remove unwanted tissue
c) Identify when something has gone wrong and initiate response that removes toxic agent or clears away dead cells - Ependymal cells
a) Line the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
b) Involved in production CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) - do not actually produce it but allow production (Chlorus plexus produces) - Schwann cells
a) Produce myelin sheaths in PNS
11
Q
What are the layers of the meninges? Diagram 12
A
- Dura mater
a) Thick, tough, and inelastic
b) Contains a lot of nerve endings so is very sensitive to pain
c) Two layers - periosteal (outer dura) which attaches to inner skull and meningeal (inner dura) which attaches to arachnoid mater - Arachnoid mater
a) Thin cell layer with arachnoid trabeculae (web-like collagen projections to pia layer)
b) Forms capsule called subarachnoid space which contains CSF which bathes brain - Pia mater
a) Thin, delicate layer which tightly covers all external contours
b) Highly vascular - vessels lie on outer pia surface
12
Q
What are the main functions of the meninges?
A
- Protective structure inbetween skull and brain to protect brain and spinal cord
- Serves as a support framework for important arteries, veins, and sinuses - anchor blood vessels down to surface of brain
- Enclose the subarachnoid space to prevent CSF from leaking out
13
Q
What is the significance of the subarachnoid space?
A
- Space inbetween pia mater and arachnoid mater which contains the CSF
14
Q
What is the role of CSF, how is it produced, and where is it located?
A
- Cerebrospinal fluid protects the brain by giving the brain buoyancy to allow brain to float in the skull and also provides cushioning for the brain
a) Buoyancy is allowed because brain has a lot of fatty tissue
b) Cushioning is allowed because CSF completely encases brain
15
Q
What is the role of CSF, how is it produced, and where is it located?
A
- Cerebrospinal fluid protects the brain by giving the brain buoyancy to allow brain to float in the skull and also provides cushioning for the brain
a) Buoyancy is allowed because brain has a lot of fatty tissue
b) Cushioning is allowed because CSF completely encases brain - CSF is produced deep inside the cavities inside the brain
a) Cavities are called the ventricular system which are a series of hollow open spaces which derive from the lumen of the neural tube and split into multiple ventricles
b) CSF is produced by chlorus plexus (special blood vessel) lining inside of ventricles, flows through ventricles and into subarachnoid space - Functions of the CSF include:
a) Cushions delicate neural structures
b) Supports brain
c) Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
