week 2 minor illnesses Flashcards

Question

SOL headache what is it? presentation? investigations? treatment?

Answer 1

headache caused by increase pressure in brain gradual progressive headache worsened by coughing or leaning down, worse in morning, may have neuological deficits too e.g. seizures, nausea, vom , weight loss head CT treat underlying cause e.g. tumor, abscess, haematoma

Answer 2

Diarrhoea is the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequently than is normal for the individual). * Acute diarrhoea is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Other causes include drugs, anxiety, food allergy, and acute appendicitis. * Causes of chronic diarrhoea include irritable bowel syndrome, diet, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, and bowel cancer. us of abx e.g. clindamycin and cephalasporin can cause C. diff keep hydrated, use loperamide

Answer 3

inflammation of the skin and subdermis of the external ear canal, which may also involve the pinna or tympanic membrane. acute = *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* or *Staphylococcus aureus* chronic = *Aspergillus* species or *Candida albicans*. life-threatening progressive infection of the external ear canal causing osteomyelitis of the temporal bone and adjacent structures. swimmers are more at risk itch, pain, or discharge of the ear canal; hearing loss; tenderness of the tragus and/or pinna; red and oedematous ear canal OTC acetic acid 2% ear drops or spray., avoid trauma, avoid getting wet analgesia topical antibiotic or antifungal preparation, with or without corticosteroid, depending on clinical judgement. oral abx if immunocompromised

Answer 4

inflammation of the middle ear mostly viral H.influenzae, Strep pneumoniae painful, children will hold their ear, cough, runny nose red/yellow bulging tympanic membrane pain relief, can resolve by itself wo abx If an antibiotic is required, a 5–7 day course of **amoxicillin** is recommended first-line. Clarithromycin or erythromycin are alternatives for people who are allergic to penicillin (erythromycin is preferred in pregnant women).

Answer 5

* Due to **eustachian tube dysfunction** * Fluid and negative pressure in middle ear * Decreases mobility of TM and ossicles  affecting hearing * Also draws fluid from across the mucous membrane in the middle ear * can be due to adenoids common in children due to size and angle of eustachian tube, cleft palate, Down's syndrome, cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, and allergic rhinitis, low socioeconomic group, parental smoking, and frequent upper-respiratory infections hearing loss, learning delay otoscopic examination, nose and throat examination, Tympanometry**,** assess audiometry = retracted tympanic membrane with fluid in it spontaneous resolvement, if not grommets

Answer 6

overgrowth of predominantly anaerobic organisms and a loss of lactobacilli. The vagina loses its normal acidity, and its pH increases to greater than 4.5. - BV is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of child-bearing age * Being sexually active — BV is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but being sexually active or having concurrent STIs increases the risk of developing BV. * The use of douches, deodorant, and vaginal washes; menstruation; and presence of semen in the vagina. * Copper intrauterine device. * Smoking. fishy-smelling vaginal discharge thin, white, homogeneous discharge coating the walls of the vagina and vestibule on examination, palpate abdomen, test pH of discharge, inspect vuluvla, use speculum, take high vaginal swab oral metronidazole

Answer 7

exually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the flagellated protozoan *Trichomonas vaginalis.* It is the most common non-viral STI worldwide. Complications include perinatal complications (preterm delivery and/or low birthweight infant), infertility, and enhanced HIV transmission. * Up to 50% of women with trichomoniasis have no symptoms. When present, common symptoms include vaginal discharge, vulval itching, dysuria, and offensive odour. * Of men with trichomoniasis, 15–50% are asymptomatic and usually present as sexual partners of infected women. The most common symptoms are urethral discharge and/or dysuria. * For women, a high vaginal swab (from the posterior fornix) should be sent for laboratory testing. * For men, a urethral swab and/or urine sample should be sent for laboratory testing. * The person should be offered tests for other STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV, and syphilis as a minimum) metronidazole

Answer 8

sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium *Neisseria gonorrhoeae*. affects the mucous membranes of the urethra, endocervix, rectum, pharynx, and conjunctiva * In men, epididymitis, infertility, and prostatitis. * In women, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and complications of pregnancy. * In men, mucopurulent urethral **discharge**, dysuria, appearing 2–8 days after exposure, **testicular** and **epididymal** **pain**. * In women, **dysuria,** increased or altered vaginal **discharge**, lower **abdominal** **pain**, and/or intermenstrual **bleeding**. * Rectal and pharyngeal infections in men and women are usually asymptomatic vulvovaginal swab in women and first pass urine in men then NAAT refer to GUM - if susceptibility not known = **cefatriaxone**, if know = **ciprofloxacin**

Answer 9

the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the UK. causes inflammation of the urethra in men and inflammation of the cervix and/or urethra in women. It can also affect the conjunctiva, rectum, and nasopharynx. * In women: post-coital or intermenstrual bleeding, increased or purulent vaginal discharge, mucopurulent cervical discharge, deep dyspareunia, dysuria, pelvic pain and tenderness, an inflamed or friable cervix. * In men: dysuria, urethral discharge, urethral discomfort, epididymo-orchitis or reactive arthritis * in women: a vulvo-vaginal swab is the sample of choice. * In men: a first-void urine sample is the sample of choice. Alternatively a urethral swab can be taken. GUM referral doxycycline if pregnant = azithromycin

Answer 10

infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacterium *Treponema pallidum -* transmited by direct contact * Early syphilis (within 2 years of infection) includes 3 stages — primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, and early latent syphilis. * Late syphilis (more than 2 years after infection) includes 2 stages — late latent syphilis and tertiary syphilis * Neurosyphilis — neurological involvement can occur at any stage of syphilis infection and affect the meninges, arteries, cranial nerves, eyes, brain and spinal cord. * Cardiovascular syphilis — aortic aneurysm, aortic regurgitation and heart failure. * Gummatous syphilis — granulomatous lesions with a necrotic centre most often affecting the skin and bones. * Adverse outcomes in pregnancy. * Facilitation of HIV transmission solitary painless genital lesion, non-pruritic maculopapular rash typically involving the palms and soles, lymphadenopathy, moist wart like lesions refer to GUM clinic, full STI screen, contact tracing , penicillin

Answer 11

herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 or HSV-2, which can cause oral, genital and ocular ulcers. spread via direct contact new sexual partner, multiple partners, no condoms, under 25, previous sti 4-7 days after contact - bilateral multiple painful blisters, which quickly burst to leave erosions and ulcers, on the external genitalia (as well as on the cervix, rectum, thighs, and buttocks), discharge, dysuria, malaise - will then normally lie latent in a sensory ganglia STI screens and examination + swab ulcer aciclovir self care - topical anaesthetic, increasing fluid intake to produce dilute urine

Answer 12

sinus thrombosis matoiditis meningitis intracranial abscess facial nerve paralysis hearing loss labrynthitis