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Foundation Psychology B > Week 2: Memory > Flashcards

Week 2: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are mental representations?

A

a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli (sensory, verbalk, motoric)

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2
Q

What are sensory representations?

A

store information in a sensory mode (visual image of a dog or sound of a gunshot)

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3
Q

What are verbal representations?

A

are information stored in words (concept of ‘freedom’)

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4
Q

What are motoric representations?

A

(memories of motor actions – swinging a tennis racket), least studied

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5
Q

What are sensory registers?

A

hold information about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a second (about half a second hold, but unlimited capacity) after the stimulus disappears, allowing a mental representation of it to remain in memory briefly for further processing.

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6
Q

What is the iconic storage sensory register?

A

momentary storage of visual information

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7
Q

What is the echoic storage sensory register?

A

momentary storage of auditory information

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8
Q

What is STM?

A

Short-term memory - a memory store that holds a small amount of information in consciousness for roughly 20-30 seconds, unless the person makes a deliberate effort to maintain it longer by repeating it over and over.

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9
Q

What is LTM?

A

Long-term memory - representations of facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills and experiences that may reside for as long as a lifetime.

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10
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

repeating information over and over in mind to prevent it fading

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11
Q

What are the two types of rehearsal?

A

Maintenance and elaborative rehearsal

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12
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

mental repetition to maintain information in STM

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13
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

actively thinking about information while rehearsing (like memorising a poem by understanding meaning in addition to the words)

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14
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Extracting information from LTM to STM

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15
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

A tendency to remember information towards the beginning and end, rather than information in the middle.

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16
Q

What is working memory?

A

refers to temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to:
• Solve problems
• Respond to environmental demands
• Achieve goals

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17
Q

What are the three memory systems of working memory?

A

Central executive, visual memory store (visuospatial sketchpad) and the verbal memory store (phonological)

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18
Q

What is the central executive?

A

controls flow and processing of information (limited capacity based on individual general intellectual ability)

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19
Q

What is the visual memory store?

A

Visuospatial sketchpad, a temporary image (20-30 seconds) that stores information about the location and nature of objects

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20
Q

What is the verbal memory store?

A

Phonological, involves storage of verbal items such as digit span (equates to STM; limited capacity)

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21
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

Fourth working memory system prosed by Baddeley - Believed to integrate visual and auditory information from the other systems (including long-term memory), hold it in a temporary multi-modal format, and bind it in a time-ordered sequence

22
Q

What is chunking?

A

use of knowledge from LTM to increase capacity of working memory (e.g. mobile numbers being chunked into 4/3/3 – 0412 345 678 is easier to remember than the individual digits)

23
Q

What are the two types of knowledge stored in LTM?

A

Procedure memory and declarative memory

24
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

(skills, habits) – memory for the ‘how to’ of skills or procedures

25
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

memory for facts and events which can be stated or declared

  • Semantic (general knowledge or facts); also known as generic memory
  • Episodic (autobiographical or memory of specific events)
26
Q

What are the two ways knowledge is expressed in LTM?

A

Implicit and explicit memory

27
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

expressed in behaviour but does not require conscious recollection (e.g. driving a car or tying shoelace)

28
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

consciously recalled information (e.g. remembering phone numbers)

29
Q

What are the two ways explicit memory can be retrieved?

A
  • Recall – spontaneous conscious recollection of information from LTM (e.g. responding to an open-ended exam question)
  • Recognition – the identification of something previously seen or learned (e.g. responding to a multiple choice exam questions)
30
Q

What is everyday memory?

A

Memory as it occurs in daily life.

31
Q

Why is everyday memory functional?

A

Memory, like all psychological processes, is functional. Of all the thing we could commit to memory over the course of a day, we tend to remember those that affect our needs and interests.

32
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

memory for things that need to be done in the future (such as picking up some items from store after work)

At least two components, remembering to remember and remember what to remember

33
Q

What is encoding?

A

information cast into representational form, or ‘code’ that can be readily accessed.

34
Q

What are levels of processing?

A

the degree to which information is elaborated, reflected upon and processed in a meaningful way during memory storage

35
Q

What is shallow versus deep processing?

A
  • Shallow processing – focusing on physical characteristics of stimulus
  • Deep processing – focusing on the meaning of stimulus
36
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

the fact that ease of retrieval depends on the match between the way information is encoded and later retrieved.

37
Q

What is context dependent memory versus mood (state) congruent memory?

A
  • Context dependent memory – Information is easier to recall when it is encoded and retrieved in the same context.
  • Mood (state) congruent memory – Information is easier to recall when it is encoded and retrieved in the same emotional state.
38
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

superiority of memory for information rehearsed over longer intervals

39
Q

What are mnemonic devices?

A

systematic strategies for remembering information; adds additional cues for retrieval to enhance memory

40
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

uses visual imagery as a memory aid (remembering the items you need by envisioning them in your room)

41
Q

What is the SQ4R method?

A

method specifically designed to help students remember information in textbooks (survey, question, read, recite and review, and write)

42
Q

What are networks of association?

A

clusters of interconnected information

43
Q

What are networks and nodes?

A
  • The network is composed of interconnected nodes

* A node may contain thoughts, images, smells, emotions or any other information along a network

44
Q

What is spreading activation theory?

A

activating one node in a network triggers activation in closely related nodes; presenting a stimulus that leads to firing in the neural circuits that represent that stimulus spreads activation, or energy, to related information stored in memory

45
Q

What are schemas?

A

patterns of thought, or organised knowledge structures, that render the environment relatively predictable.

46
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events; can be highly incorrect

47
Q

What is decay theory?

A

memory is like a fading neural trace that is weakened with disuse

48
Q

What is interference theory?

A

conflict between new and old memories
• Proactive interference – previously learned material interferes with learning new information
• Retroactive interference – new information impairs retention of previously learned information

49
Q

What is motivated forgetting?

A

forgetting for a reason:
• either explicitly instructing themselves or others to forget incorrect information (wrong address, the right one is…), or
• implicitly (forgetting where you parked yesterday so you can remember where you parked today without interference)

50
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

inability to retain new memories

51
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

losing memories from a period before the time that a person’s brain was damaged

Foundation Psychology B (2 decks)

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