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PSYC2500 - Mental Illness and Health > Week 2 - Legal and ethics > Flashcards

Week 2 - Legal and ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly outline the history of mental health/illness?

A

It has a dark history:

  1. Bethlam Royal Hospital was the first public asylum with ‘lunatics’.
  2. They spread across Europe and used terrible treatment (rotational therapy, and chains).
  3. First mental asylum opening in NSW in 1811.
  4. Moral therapy was introduced by people from France, US, and UK
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2
Q

Outline some of the Bio-medical approaches to mental illness?

A

Medical interventions included Lobotomies, ECT, and insulin shock therapy to induce coma

Drug therapy including Lithium for mania, Chlorpromazine for sedation and hallucinations. This was important for the future of medication.

Today a biomedial approach is Psychiatry - psychotherapy, psychopharamcology, and ECT

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3
Q

Outline the Psychological approaches to mental Illness?

A

Pyschodynamic therapy (talking), Behaviourism (stimulus reaction and conditioning), Humanistic psychology (drives and beliefs), and Cognitive approaches (maladaptive cognitions and emotions).

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4
Q

Why is mental health legislation in place?

A
  1. Protect human rights
  2. Guard the safety of people and community
  3. Reduce restriction of clients
  4. promote individual choice for people with mental illness
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5
Q

Outline the 5 main goals of the Mental Health Act (2007)?

A
  1. provide care, treatment, and promote recovery
  2. provide community care facilities.
  3. provide in/voluntary hospital care where needed
  4. protect peoples civil rights by having access to care
  5. involve them in decision making for their care.
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6
Q

Explain what is meant by mentally disordered vs mentally ill?

A

A person suffering from mental illness:

  1. temporary irrational behaviour
  2. involuntary consent for temporary care
  3. For them and other people protection

Suffering of mental illness:

  1. necessary fro treatment/control
  2. longer term illness
  3. symptoms (delusions, serious disordered thought, other impaired functioning, or harm to yourself and others).
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7
Q

Outline the process undertaken to assess someone as mentally ill?

A
  1. Initial assessment my AMO (within 12 hours) - detained or released (voluntarily)
  2. Assessment by another AMO (one of the first 2 has to be a psychiatrist).
  3. Third assessment by Psych if there is disagreement
  4. Mental health inquiry my mental health review tribunal.
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8
Q

Name the general principles as outlined by the APS?

A

Respect for other - justice, autonomy, and human rights
Integrity - competent and welfare
Propriety - position of power and trust

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9
Q

What are two things to strive for in tricky ethical issues? What can be used to assess one of these things?

A
  1. Ensuring the individuals autonomy so they can be a co-contributor
  2. Ensure the clients is able to supply informed consent.
    A capacity and competence tool kit can be used to assess ability for consent.
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10
Q

Briefly, How should psychologist make decision when practising?

A

Ethical decision making. There are many models

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11
Q

Outline the steps of ethical decision making?

M: DICK CCCC

A
  1. Identify the problem or dilemma
  2. Identify the potential issues involved
  3. review the relevant ethics codes.
  4. Know the applicable laws and regulations
  5. Obtain consultation
  6. Consider possible and probable course of action.
  7. Assess consequences of decision
  8. Choose the best course of action.
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12
Q

What are some important ethical questions to ask yourself when making ethical decisions?

M: What would happen if MURF was PM?

A 
Fairness (do the same for everyone?)
Universality (would others do the same?)
Publicity (If made public?)
Reversibility (How would you feel?)
Mentor Test (What would they do?)
Moral traces (Lingering feelings?)
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13
Q

What are some of the different types of Mental Health Assessment?

A 
Psychological assessment
Biopsychosocial approaches
Clinical risk assessment 
Psychometric tools
Diagnostic manuals
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14
Q

Explain what a psychological assessment is? What does a good formulation look like?

A

Working with the client to seek better understanding. The purpose is to find the reasoning behind a person’s difficulties in the context of their life (relationships, social circumstances, life events, and how they look at them)

Good formulation would include reflection on possible roles of trauma/abuse. And considering how services may cause difficulties (trauma re-arising). Considering wider societal context.

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15
Q

Outline a Biopsychosocial assessment approach and the 4 P’s?

A 
About understanding all the factors, which may interact: 
predisposing (history)
precipitating (prior)
perpetuating (exacerbates)
protective (supportive).
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16
Q

Describe a Mental state examination, and what aspects of the client are you trying to identify?

A

Observation in nature, working out what the client is like: comprehensive mental health of a person. Including - Attitude, appearance, behaviour, mood and affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, insight and judgement.

17
Q

What is the purpose of a clinical risk assessment and when would you use it?

A

It is used to gauge the level of clinical risk (to themselves and others). You don’t use this all the time, but suicidality, self-harm, aggression and other cases is when it would be used. Used in the short, medium, and long-term.

18
Q

What are psychometric tools used for, and what is come examples, and advantages?

A

Psychometric tools are important as they provide additional information about the clients. They assess cognitive ability, personality, and behaviours (mood/anxiety)
Examples: WAIS-V, Big 5 personality.
Advantages: they are structured and standardised, and are reliable and have strong validity.

19
Q

Outline what diagnostic manuals are, and explain why they are useful?

A

Diagnostic manuals are a helpful guide for diagnoses, but focus on diagnoses rather than disorders. Although, they are not useful without a proper assessment.
They are important because they facilitate communication between clinicians, provide an education tool, provide statistics about the disorders, and help guide clinicians.

20
Q

Identify the two legal requirements to follow for health professionals?

A

Common (principles that guide interpretations of the law - judges) and statute law (law of the land)

21
Q

Explain the purpose of an advance care agreement?

A

It acts as a living will for when someone loses the capacity to make their own decisions.

22
Q

What is the doctrine of necessity?

A

Allows health professionals to provide non-consenting care to save a life, or prevent serious deterioration, or minimize significant pain.

23
Q

Define duty of care? and what are three aspects that health professionals need to demonstrate?

A

Made through common law, and is the responsibility of health professionals to protect consumers and be competent. Difficult issues are assessed by if they were: reasonable, in the best interest, and had informed consent.

24
Q

define the consequential and deontological ethical theories?

A

consequentialism is determined by the overall outcome, and deontological ethical issues are determined by the moral right or wrong, not the outcome.

25
Q

What levels of capacity/incapacity exist?

A

Temporary (drunk)
Partial (intellectual disability)
permanent serious brain injury)
requisite (proportional amount required for the seriousness of the treatment)

26
Q

Why should health professionals avoid paternalistic care?

A

because it is a part of the ethical framework for professional bodies. Legal paternalism includes the doctrine of necessity (authority to override if suitable)

27
Q

What information/assessment is required from a consumer to make an informed decision?

A

They must understand the nature, purpose, and risk/consequences or intervention, plus alternative intervention risk and benefits.

28
Q

What information/assessment is required from a consumer to make an informed decision?

A

They must understand the nature, purpose, and risk/consequences or intervention, plus alternative intervention risk and benefits.

29
Q

Define the harm principle?

A

The write of anyone to do what they want, as long as it doesn’t interfere or harm anyone else (including their freedom)

30
Q

Define power of attorney in a medical scenario? What are the four types?

A

Able to make reasonable medical decision on behalf of someone else with the consultation of medical professionals.

  1. General - unable (overseas)
  2. Enduring - no longer able to care for themselves
  3. Medical - Life/death decision
  4. Enduring guardianship - similar to other enduring power of attorney, basic and for general life decisions

PSYC2500 - Mental Illness and Health (2 decks)

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