Week 2 - Lecture 2

Question 1

type of desire

Answer 1

volitive

appetitive

Question 2

volitive desire

Answer 2

involves planning, ‘ I want to go on vacation’

Question 3

appetitive desire

Answer 3

getting pleasure from forbidden fruits (sex, alcohol, drugs, unhealthy food)

Question 4

high appetitive desire

Answer 4

craving

Question 5

low appetitive desire

Answer 5

anhedonia

Question 6

craving definition

Answer 6

subjective desire to experience the effects of previously used drug

Question 7

relapse

Answer 7

full resumption of drug-seeking and drug-administration after a period of abstinence

Question 8

percentage of relapse rates after detoxification

Answer 8

50-80% (high)

Question 9

Relapse is often preceded by

Answer 9

craving

Question 10

what are the causes of craving and relapse?

Answer 10

1) a small dose of the drug of abuse (priming effect)
2) emotional stress (negative reinforcement)
3) exposure to drug related stimuli (classical conditioning)

Question 11

How does learning influence substance use?

Answer 11

1) operant conditioning
2) classical conditioning
3) habit learning

Question 12

how does conditioning explain addiction?

Answer 12

• heroin use
• pleasurable effect
• repeat behaviour
• exposed to neutral stimuli (syringe)
• neutral stimuli become conditioned
• conditioned stimuli caused conditioned reactivity (craving, physical responses)
• relapse

Question 13

related phenomena to conditioning regarding addiction

Answer 13

1. conditioned withdrawal
2. drug opposite CR
3. conditioned tolerance

Question 14

conditioned withdrawal

Answer 14

withdrawal symptoms when seeing conditioned stimuli

Question 15

drug opposite CR

Answer 15

you get the opposite response to what the drug gives you to maintain balance. Preparation mechanism.

Question 16

conditioned tolerance

Answer 16

tolerance is a conditioned response. if you take heroin at an unexpected location you do not have tolerance and you can easily overdose.

Question 17

Drinking alcohol the day after your party-night to relief the effects of a hang-over is an example of: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, tolerance, withdrawal:

Answer 17

negative reinforcement

Question 18

how does substance use occur through social learning?

Answer 18

1) modelling
2) self-efficacy
3) expectation

Question 19

Robinsons & Berridge’s theory

Answer 19

‘wanting’ may grow over time independently of ‘liking’ as an individual becomes an addict, due to sensitization of brain mesolimbic systems. Liking is stronger at the beginning.

Question 20

Individual differences in addiction

Answer 20

• genes
• impulsivity - sensation seeking
• anhedonia
• sensitive for rewards (BAS)
• sensitivity for stress

Question 21

reward input system

Answer 21

behavioural activation system

Question 22

punishment input system

Answer 22

behavioural inhibition system