Week 2 - Lecture 2 Flashcards
type of desire
volitive
appetitive
volitive desire
involves planning, ‘ I want to go on vacation’
appetitive desire
getting pleasure from forbidden fruits (sex, alcohol, drugs, unhealthy food)
high appetitive desire
craving
low appetitive desire
anhedonia
craving definition
subjective desire to experience the effects of previously used drug
relapse
full resumption of drug-seeking and drug-administration after a period of abstinence
percentage of relapse rates after detoxification
50-80% (high)
Relapse is often preceded by
craving
what are the causes of craving and relapse?
1) a small dose of the drug of abuse (priming effect)
2) emotional stress (negative reinforcement)
3) exposure to drug related stimuli (classical conditioning)
How does learning influence substance use?
1) operant conditioning
2) classical conditioning
3) habit learning
how does conditioning explain addiction?
- heroin use
- pleasurable effect
- repeat behaviour
- exposed to neutral stimuli (syringe)
- neutral stimuli become conditioned
- conditioned stimuli caused conditioned reactivity (craving, physical responses)
- relapse
related phenomena to conditioning regarding addiction
- conditioned withdrawal
- drug opposite CR
- conditioned tolerance
conditioned withdrawal
withdrawal symptoms when seeing conditioned stimuli
drug opposite CR
you get the opposite response to what the drug gives you to maintain balance. Preparation mechanism.
conditioned tolerance
tolerance is a conditioned response. if you take heroin at an unexpected location you do not have tolerance and you can easily overdose.
Drinking alcohol the day after your party-night to relief the effects of a hang-over is an example of: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, tolerance, withdrawal:
negative reinforcement
how does substance use occur through social learning?
1) modelling
2) self-efficacy
3) expectation
Robinsons & Berridge’s theory
‘wanting’ may grow over time independently of ‘liking’ as an individual becomes an addict, due to sensitization of brain mesolimbic systems. Liking is stronger at the beginning.
Individual differences in addiction
- genes
- impulsivity - sensation seeking
- anhedonia
- sensitive for rewards (BAS)
- sensitivity for stress
reward input system
behavioural activation system
punishment input system
behavioural inhibition system
