week 2 - jeffers, lembede & seme

Question 1

jeffers - social construct

Answer 1

• argues that races are socially constructed, meaning that racial distinctions exist because of sociohistorical factors, not solely biological ones.
• Jeffers distinguishes between two types of social constructionism: political constructionism and cultural constructionism

Question 2

jefers - cultural constructivism

Answer 2

• emphasises participation in distinct ways of life as crucial to understanding race
• while acknowledging the role of power relations in shaping racial catagories, he argues cult diff is equally important in understanding how race operates in present day
• sites w.e.b du bois as early proponent of this perspective

Question 3

jefers - political constructivism

Answer 3

• focuses on hierarchical power relations, particularly those created by European imperialism and white supremacy, as the primary force in constructing racial reality
• view is propelled by scholars, eg Sally Haslanger, who argue racial categories are defined by the way they mark individuals for subordination and priviledge based on perceived bodily features and ancestory

Question 4

jeffers - arguements in support of cult const.

Answer 4

• historical development of racial difference ; >While acknowledging that European imperialism played a key role in shaping modern racial categories, he argues that cultural factors were present from the beginning.
  >The emergence of racial categories itself represents a cultural shift, and these categories inevitably lead to the development of distinctive ways of life within racial groups
• impact of racial categorizations on personal experience;
  > challenges the notion that cultural difference is less important than power relations in shaping individual experiences of race.
  > He argues that cultural experiences, like experiences of racism, are not uniform within racial groups
• social significance of race beyond hierachy; >examines issues like education, interracial marriage, and stereotyping to illustrate the importance of cultural difference.
  >He argues that a solely political view of race fails to account for the legitimate forms of difference associated with race and the desire for cultural preservation within racial groups

Question 5

jeffers - posibility of race beyond racism

Answer 5

• race as a social construct could persist even in absence of racial hierarchy
• he envisions a future where racial groups exist without being defined by power relations

Question 6

jeffers - political and cultural factors are both fundamental for race understanding

Answer 6

• advocating for a nuanced view that considers the interplay between power, culture, and identity
• cultural constructionist perspective highlights the need to value legitimate forms of cultural difference while simultaneously fighting against the unjust hierarchies that define race in the present

Question 7

lembede - principle of nationalisms

Answer 7

1. africa is for africans
2. africans are one
3. the leaders of african will come from their own loins
4. african and other non-europeans collaboration is important
   5.national freedom is african peoples divine destiny
5. africans must aim at national progress or advancement
6. after national freedom is socialism

Question 8

lembede - 1 africa is for africans

Answer 8

• africa belongs to its native inhabitants, it is their motherland

Question 9

lembede - 2 africans are one

Answer 9

• movement from tribal lines towards unified nationhoood is nb for nationalism
• need that nationalistic feeling of the africans beyond tribe, education, class, connection or social status

Question 10

lembede - 3 own loins

Answer 10

• no foreign leader can be a genuine and effective leader for african people because of an ill-comprehension of the african spirit
• there is a call to celebrate and honour african heroes and leaders of the past

Question 11

lembede - 4 collaboration

Answer 11

• critical for overcoming shared oppresion points
• requires a africans as singular unit + other non-european groups combination

Question 12

lembede - 5 national freedom is the divine destiny

Answer 12

• africa needs to actualise its national freedom as timeously as possible otherwise they will come to an impending doom that lies in the attack on moral and spirt, health, social, economic and political fronts

Question 13

lembede - 6 aim at national progress or advancement

Answer 13

• co-ordinated and unified, multifaceted, systematic manner of approach is important for accomplish wholesale progress for the nation not lop-sided

Question 14

lembede - 7 after national freedom, socialism

Answer 14

• africans are naturally socialistic as their social practices and customs illustrates

Question 15

seme - key argument

Answer 15

• africa has the potential to regenerate itself and become a powerful force in the world again
• this can be achieved through a combination of factors ;
  > reclaiming and embracing african trad and culture
  > education and development of african people
  > economic and political empowerment

Question 16

seme - reclaiming and embracing african trad and culture