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PA1: Immunology > Week 2 Introduction to Immunology ✅ > Flashcards

Week 2 Introduction to Immunology ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 stairs of the immune system?

A

Anatomical barriers
Complement/antimicrobial proteins
Innate immune cells
Adaptive immunity

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2
Q

Give some examples of anatomical barriers

A

Skin, oral mucosa, respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

Give some examples of complement/antimicrobial proteins

A

C3
Defensins
Reg111y

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4
Q

Give some examples of innate immune cells

A

Macrophages
Granulocytes
NK cells

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5
Q

Give some examples of adaptive immunity cells

A

B cells/antibodies
T cells

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6
Q

Give mechanical, chemical and microbiological barrier examples for the SKIN

A

Mechanical - epithelial cells joined by tight junctions, longitudinal flow of air or fluid

Chemical - fatty acids, beta-defensins, lamellar bodies

Microbiological - normal microbiota

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7
Q

Give mechanical, chemical and microbiological barrier examples for the GUT

A

Mechanical - epithelial cells joined by tight junctions, longitudinal flow of air or fluid

Chemical - low pH, enzymes (pepsin), alpha-defensins, RegIII

Microbiological - normal microbiota

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8
Q

Give mechanical, chemical and microbiological barrier examples for the LUNGS

A

Mechanical - epithelial cells joined by tight junctions, movement of mucus by cilia

Chemical - pulmonary surfactant, alpha-defensins

Microbiological - normal microbiota

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9
Q

Give mechanical, chemical and microbiological barrier examples for the EYES/NOSE/ORAL CAVITY

A

Mechanical - epithelial cells joined by tight junctions, tears and nasal cilia

Chemical - enzymes in tears and saliva (lysozyme), histatins, beta-defensins

Microbiological - normal microbiota

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10
Q

What is the process of typical infection?

A

Pathogen adheres to skin
Local invasion of pathogen
Innate response
Inactivation

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11
Q

What is the complement system?

A

An enzyme cascade

Functionally linked proteins that interact with eachother to aid body’s defences

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12
Q

How many functions are there of the complement system and what are they?

A

3
Opsonisation
Membrane attack complex
Enhance inflammatory process

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13
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Labelling

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14
Q

How many complement pathways are there and what are they?

A

3
Alternative
Lectin
Classical

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15
Q

What do the complement pathways all come together to form?

A

C3

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16
Q

All proteins have a and b versions. What is the difference?

A

a - small - pro inflammatory mediator
b - bigger - enzymatic activity

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17
Q

What is C1?

A

Inhibitor

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18
Q

What is the roles of inhibitors in complement?

A

To switch off complement

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19
Q

What is angiodema?

A

Inflammation of derma and submucosa - oedema

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20
Q

What is the cause of angiodema?

A

Deficiency of C1 inhibitor

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21
Q

What causes C1 deficiency?

A

Drug induced or hereditary

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22
Q

What is the difference between anaphylaxis and angiodema?

A

Angiodema is C1 deficiency

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23
Q

What is the definition of innate immunity?

A

First line protection/defence against infection using non-specific defence mechanisms

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24
Q

Give 3 examples of cytokines

A

IL-1beta
IL-6
TNF-alpha

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25
Q

What can cytokines affect?

A

Liver
Bone marrow
Hypothalamus
Fat and muscle
Dendritic cells

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26
Q

What is the effect of cytokines on the liver?

A

Activation of complement
Opsonisation

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27
Q

What is the effect of cytokines on bone marrow?

A

Phagocytosis

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28
Q

What is the effect of cytokines on the hypothalamus, fat and muscle?

A

Increased body temperature leading to:
Decreased viral and bacterial replication, increased antigen processing and increased specific immune response

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29
Q

What is the effect of cytokines on dendritic cells?

A

Initiation of adaptive immune response

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30
Q

What are the features of dendritic cells?

A

Work between innate and adaptive immunity
Non specific - brings to specific
Has spindles

31
Q

What are the features of macrophages?

A

Innate immune system
Present to adaptive immunity
Present in alveoli, gut etc
They are digestive (phagocytosis)

32
Q

What are the features of basophils?

A

They have granules which contain histamine

33
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Attack bigger parasites e.g. worms

34
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Release histamine

35
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Make pus (reactive oxygen species)
Produce a net (DNA is sticky)
Extracellular trap

36
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

B cells which produce antibodies

37
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

B cells which stimulate plasma cells?

38
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Kill - innate

39
Q

What do Treg cells do?

A

Put everything back together again

40
Q

If there is a bacterial infection in tissue, what is the role of complement?

A

Complement is activated which causes leakage of fluid into the tissue to clear the infection

41
Q

If there is a bacterial infection in tissue, what is the role of the coagulation cascade?

A

Creates small blood clots to plug capillaries to stop the infection

42
Q

If there is a bacterial infection in tissue, what is the role of cytokines?

A

Cytokines released which release heat, cause constriction of blood vessels (causes leakage of fluid) and also releases neutrophils. The neutrophils migrate into the tissue to also cause leakage of fluid. This clears the infection

43
Q

What is a complication of the coagulation cascade in response to an infection in the blood?

A

Decreased clotting factors which leads to haemorrhage and organ failure

44
Q

What is a complication of complement activation in response to an infection in the blood?

A

Causes vasodilation which can lead to leakage of fluid into blood stream and cause hypotension

45
Q

What is a complication of cytokine release in response to an infection in the blood?

A

Fever and chills
Neutrophil release can cause blood vessel damage

46
Q

What is DAMPS and PAMPS?

A

DAMPs = damage associated molecular patterns

Endogenous danger molecules, intracellular and extra cellular components

PAMPs = pathogen associated molecular patterns

Non-self, common and essential to many pathogens

47
Q

What is c-reactive protein?

A

Inflammatory protein made by the liver
1 letter away from CRAP!

48
Q

What does CRP do?

A

Promote phagocytosis, activates complement and participates in opsonisation

49
Q

What is high CRP indicative of?

A

Cardiovascular disease risk factor

50
Q

What would a CRP look like post-op?

A

If uneventful - low CRP
If there are infectious complications - high CRP

51
Q

What does SIRS stand for and what does it mean?

A

Systemic inflammatory response system - exaggerated defence response of the body

52
Q

What is SIRS with suspected infection?

53
Q

What is sepsis with organ failure?

A

Severe sepsis

54
Q

What is haemodynamic instability?

A

Septic shock

55
Q

What is the criteria for SIRS?

A

Temp above 38 or below 36
HR >90bpm
Resp >20 or ppCO2 <32mmHg
Leukocyte >12,000 or <4000

ANY 2 OF THESE

56
Q

What is the treatment of SIRS?

A

Haemodynamic stability
Vasopressors (increase vasocontriction)
Inotropes (increase cardiac contractility)
Primary source control
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Glucocorticoids
Blood glucose control

57
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Selevtive, antigen-specific
Lymphocytes which recognise non-self
Develop immunological memory

58
Q

How do dendrites work?

A

Gather pathogens - leave tissue - go to secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g. spleen) - present to T-cell

They present short peptides/chop up long ones into short ones

59
Q

Are dendrites adaptive or innate immunity?

60
Q

What is IgG?

A

Antibodies made by b memory cells
They are involved in babies immunity and pass through the placenta
Most common

61
Q

What is IgE?

A

Antibody involved in allergies

62
Q

What is IgD?

A

Not as common

63
Q

What is IgM?

A

Produced first

64
Q

What is IgA?

A

Secreted into mucosa (tears, saliva, gut)

65
Q

What are the difference between T killer cells, T helper cells and T regulatory cells?

A

T killer - kill mammal cells that are infected
T helper - get antibodies forming
T reg - suppress immune response

66
Q

Which CD receptor do cytotoxic T cells have and which MHC class are they part of?

A

CD8 positive
MHC class I

67
Q

Which CD receptor do TH1, TH2 and Treg cells have and which MHC class are they part of?

A

CD4 positive
MHC class II

68
Q

What is a MHC class?

A

Presenting pathway

69
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells work?

A

Via MHC class I, stimulated by dendrites to kill infected cells

70
Q

How do TH1 cells work?

A

Lipopolysacchairde on bacterial cell, viral RNA and bacterial DNA activate MHC II

Dendritic cells produce IL-12 - produces TH1- produces IFNgamma

IFNgamma tell B cells to make IgG and TNFalpha to make macrophaces

71
Q

How is IgE produced?

A

Parasites are presented through MHC II (CD4) - IL-4 is produced, IgE produced

72
Q

When someone encounters a second infection, what happens to IgM and IgG?

A

IgM the same
IgG rapid response (high number)

73
Q

Why is there no vaccine for HIV or malaria?

A

HIV hides in T cells and Malaria in RBC so dendritic cells cannot recognise that they are foreign

74
Q

Why do people with COPD still have pulmonary inflammation even if they have ceased smoking?

A

They have impaired macrophage clearance
Airway wall remodelling - no epithelial lining so thinks damaged wall is foreign
Hypoxia
Genetic susceptibility
Oxidative stress
Chronic colonisation

PA1: Immunology (1 decks)

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