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PA1: Haematology > Week 2 Introduction to Haematology ✅ > Flashcards

Week 2 Introduction to Haematology ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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1
Q

What do neutrophils look like?

A

Multilobed nucleus

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2
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

Water and proteins

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3
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets
Plasma

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4
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones
Regulate pH, temperature, water and electrolytes
Protection - platelets, WBC

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5
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cells from stem cells in bone marrow (sternum, pelvis, femur)

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6
Q

What is extramedullary haematopoiesis?

A

Haematopoiesis in liver, spleen and lymph nodes (organs involved in development)

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7
Q

When does extramedullary haematopoiesis occur?

A

Pathological conditions

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8
Q

What is an example of a pluripotent cell?

A

Stem cell

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9
Q

What is the difference between myeloid and lymphoid cells?

A

Myeloid:
RBC
Thrombocytes
Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
Agranulocytes (monocytes and macrophages)

Lymphoid:
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
NK cells

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10
Q

What do growth factors do?

A

Stimulate production of leukocytes

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11
Q

What is CSF?

A

Colony stimulating factors

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12
Q

Are neutrophils part of adaptive or innate immunity?

A

Innate

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

A

Multilobed nucleus, short lifespan, phagocyte, 70% WBC

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of monocytes?

A

Kidney bean shaped
only 8% WBC
Differentiates into the phagocytic macrophages

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophils?

A

Bi-lobed nucleus, red/orange stained granules

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of basophils?

A

Abundant dark purple cytoplasmic granules

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17
Q

What is an immature granulocyte called?

A

Band cell

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18
Q

What is the precursor of thrombocytes?

A

Megakaryocytes

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19
Q

How are thrombocytes formed?

A

Production stimulated by TPO

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20
Q

What does TPO stand for?

A

Thrombopoietin

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21
Q

Where is TPO produced?

A

Liver, kidney, bone marrow

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22
Q

What is the system that destroys old platelets? Where does this take place?

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system in liver and spleen

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23
Q

Where can platelets be stored?

A

In the spleen

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24
Q

What regulates TPO?

A

The binding or lack of binding of platelets to TPO

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25
Q

What is the precursor of an erythrocyte?

A

Reticulocyte

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26
Q

Where are reticulocytes released from?

A

Bone marrow

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27
Q

What are the features of Erythrocytes?

A

No nucleus
Bi-concave shape - maximise SA:V

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28
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Production of erythrocytes

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29
Q

How are reticulocytes identified?

A

Free RNA stains to the same dye that nuclei stain with

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30
Q

What is precursor of reticulocyte?

A

Normoblast

31
Q

What is EPO?

A

Stimulates erythropoiesis

32
Q

What does EPO stand for?

A

Erythropoietin

33
Q

Where is EPO produced?

34
Q

What stimulates EPO production?

A

High altitude or anaemia

35
Q

What factors can affect erythrocyes?

A

Iron
Intrinsic factor
Vitamin B12
Folic acid

36
Q

Where is the haemoglobin in RBC?

37
Q

What are the protein chains in haemoglobin?

A

4 protein chains
2 alpha
2 beta

38
Q

Where does iron bind to on haemoglobin?

39
Q

What happens as O2 binds to each haem ring?

A

Protein changes shape

40
Q

What is the average lifespan of an RBC?

41
Q

When iron is absorbed from the diet, how is it carried in circulation?

A

Bound to transferrin

42
Q

How is iron stored in macrophages and hepatocytes?

A

Bound to ferritin

43
Q

How is circulating iron controlled?

44
Q

What condition could reduce the number or function or RBCs?

45
Q

What condition could cause excessive number of RBCs?

A

Erythrocytosis/polycythaemia

46
Q

What could affect haemostasis?

A

Deficiency in coagulation leading to bleeding
Excessive coagulation leading to thrombosis

47
Q

What are the 4 common veins used in venepuncture?

A

Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein
Median vein of forearm

48
Q

What parameters can be measured for FBC?

A

RBC (x10^12/L)
MCV
Haematocrit
Haemoglobin g/L
Mean cell haemoglobin (pg)
Mean cell Hb concentration (g/L)
Red cell distribution width
WBC (x10^9/L)
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

49
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

Volume percentage of red blood cells in blood

50
Q

What is red cell distribution width?

A

Measures the range

51
Q

What is the term for a low platelet count?

A

Thrombocytopenia

52
Q

What is the term for a high platelet count?

A

Thrombocytosis

53
Q

What can cause thrombocytopenia?

A

Reduced bone marrow production
Increased platelet destruction (autoimmune)
Sequestration
Abnormal bleeding
Spontaneous skin purpura
Mucosal haemorrhage
Prolonged bleeding

54
Q

What can cause thrombocytosis?

A

Iron deficiency?
Inflammation
Cancer
Infection (reactive thrombocytosis)
Underlying myeloproliferative process

55
Q

Where does sequestration occur? What does it mean?

A

Enlarged spleen

Pooling of too many cells in the spleen

56
Q

What does a normal RBC look like on a blood film?

A

Central pallor 1/3 of diameter

57
Q

What is a macrocytic RBC?

A

Larger cell
Normochromic
Howell-jolly body
Poikilocytosis
Anisocytosis

58
Q

What does Holly-jolly body mean?

A

Remnants of nucleus which should have been removed by the spleen - seen often in splenectomy

59
Q

What does poikilocytosis mean?

A

Variation in RBC shape

60
Q

What does anisocytosis mean?

A

Variation in RBC size

61
Q

What is a normocytic normochromic RBC?

A

Individual RBC normal but low number

62
Q

What is a microcytic hypochromic RBC?

A

Smaller size, hypochromic, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis

63
Q

What might you see in haemolytic anaemia?

A

Increase in reticulocytes, anisocytes and poikilocytes

64
Q

If a RBC is macrocytic, what might the MCV be?

65
Q

If a RBC is microcytic, what might the MCV be?

66
Q

What colour do reticulocytes stain?

67
Q

What can cause anaemia?

A

Decreased RBC production
Increased RBC destruction
Blood loss

68
Q

What should the reticulocyte count be in anaemia and what is it actually?

A

It is inappropriately low but should go up

69
Q

What should the reticulocyte level be in normal people?

A

Low as they do not have anaemia

70
Q

What are the 6 shapes of RBC?

A

Target cell
Sickle cell
Pencil cell
Spherocyte
Tear drop/poikilocyte
Basket cell

71
Q

What can bone marrow examination be used for?

A

Infiltration malignant cells e.g. leukaemia
Bone marrow disorders

72
Q

Where can bone marrow be aspirated from?

A

Posterior iliac crest

73
Q

What does healthy bone marrow aspiration show?

A

Heterogenous mixture of cells of various lineages at all cells of differentiation. Myeloid cells predominating over lymphoid

74
Q

What does fibrosis of bone marrow in a biopsy show?

75
Q

Why do a bone marrow biopsy?

A

To examine bone structure

76
Q

What is the findings of normal bone marrow on a biopsy?

A

50% haematopoietic, 50% fat tissue

PA1: Haematology (1 decks)

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