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PA1: Haematology > Week 2 Introduction to Haematology ✅ > Flashcards

Week 2 Introduction to Haematology ✅ Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What are the most common WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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1
Q

What do neutrophils look like?

A

Multilobed nucleus

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2
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

Water and proteins

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3
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets
Plasma

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4
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones
Regulate pH, temperature, water and electrolytes
Protection - platelets, WBC

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5
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cells from stem cells in bone marrow (sternum, pelvis, femur)

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6
Q

What is extramedullary haematopoiesis?

A

Haematopoiesis in liver, spleen and lymph nodes (organs involved in development)

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7
Q

When does extramedullary haematopoiesis occur?

A

Pathological conditions

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8
Q

What is an example of a pluripotent cell?

A

Stem cell

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9
Q

What is the difference between myeloid and lymphoid cells?

A

Myeloid:
RBC
Thrombocytes
Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
Agranulocytes (monocytes and macrophages)

Lymphoid:
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
NK cells

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10
Q

What do growth factors do?

A

Stimulate production of leukocytes

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11
Q

What is CSF?

A

Colony stimulating factors

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12
Q

Are neutrophils part of adaptive or innate immunity?

A

Innate

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

A

Multilobed nucleus, short lifespan, phagocyte, 70% WBC

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of monocytes?

A

Kidney bean shaped
only 8% WBC
Differentiates into the phagocytic macrophages

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophils?

A

Bi-lobed nucleus, red/orange stained granules

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of basophils?

A

Abundant dark purple cytoplasmic granules

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17
Q

What is an immature granulocyte called?

A

Band cell

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18
Q

What is the precursor of thrombocytes?

A

Megakaryocytes

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19
Q

How are thrombocytes formed?

A

Production stimulated by TPO

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20
Q

What does TPO stand for?

A

Thrombopoietin

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21
Q

Where is TPO produced?

A

Liver, kidney, bone marrow

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22
Q

What is the system that destroys old platelets? Where does this take place?

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system in liver and spleen

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23
Q

Where can platelets be stored?

A

In the spleen

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24
What regulates TPO?
The binding or lack of binding of platelets to TPO
25
What is the precursor of an erythrocyte?
Reticulocyte
26
Where are reticulocytes released from?
Bone marrow
27
What are the features of Erythrocytes?
No nucleus Bi-concave shape - maximise SA:V
28
What is erythropoiesis?
Production of erythrocytes
29
How are reticulocytes identified?
Free RNA stains to the same dye that nuclei stain with
30
What is precursor of reticulocyte?
Normoblast
31
What is EPO?
Stimulates erythropoiesis
32
What does EPO stand for?
Erythropoietin
33
Where is EPO produced?
Kidney
34
What stimulates EPO production?
High altitude or anaemia
35
What factors can affect erythrocyes?
Iron Intrinsic factor Vitamin B12 Folic acid
36
Where is the haemoglobin in RBC?
Cytoplasm
37
What are the protein chains in haemoglobin?
4 protein chains 2 alpha 2 beta
38
Where does iron bind to on haemoglobin?
Haem ring
39
What happens as O2 binds to each haem ring?
Protein changes shape
40
What is the average lifespan of an RBC?
120 days
41
When iron is absorbed from the diet, how is it carried in circulation?
Bound to transferrin
42
How is iron stored in macrophages and hepatocytes?
Bound to ferritin
43
How is circulating iron controlled?
Hepcidin
44
What condition could reduce the number or function or RBCs?
Anaemia
45
What condition could cause excessive number of RBCs?
Erythrocytosis/polycythaemia
46
What could affect haemostasis?
Deficiency in coagulation leading to bleeding Excessive coagulation leading to thrombosis
47
What are the 4 common veins used in venepuncture?
Cephalic vein Basilic vein Median cubital vein Median vein of forearm
48
What parameters can be measured for FBC?
RBC (x10^12/L) MCV Haematocrit Haemoglobin g/L Mean cell haemoglobin (pg) Mean cell Hb concentration (g/L) Red cell distribution width WBC (x10^9/L) Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
49
What is haematocrit?
Volume percentage of red blood cells in blood
50
What is red cell distribution width?
Measures the range
51
What is the term for a low platelet count?
Thrombocytopenia
52
What is the term for a high platelet count?
Thrombocytosis
53
What can cause thrombocytopenia?
Reduced bone marrow production Increased platelet destruction (autoimmune) Sequestration Abnormal bleeding Spontaneous skin purpura Mucosal haemorrhage Prolonged bleeding
54
What can cause thrombocytosis?
Iron deficiency? Inflammation Cancer Infection (reactive thrombocytosis) Underlying myeloproliferative process
55
Where does sequestration occur? What does it mean?
Enlarged spleen Pooling of too many cells in the spleen
56
What does a normal RBC look like on a blood film?
Central pallor 1/3 of diameter
57
What is a macrocytic RBC?
Larger cell Normochromic Howell-jolly body Poikilocytosis Anisocytosis
58
What does Holly-jolly body mean?
Remnants of nucleus which should have been removed by the spleen - seen often in splenectomy
59
What does poikilocytosis mean?
Variation in RBC shape
60
What does anisocytosis mean?
Variation in RBC size
61
What is a normocytic normochromic RBC?
Individual RBC normal but low number
62
What is a microcytic hypochromic RBC?
Smaller size, hypochromic, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis
63
What might you see in haemolytic anaemia?
Increase in reticulocytes, anisocytes and poikilocytes
64
If a RBC is macrocytic, what might the MCV be?
High
65
If a RBC is microcytic, what might the MCV be?
Low
66
What colour do reticulocytes stain?
Blue
67
What can cause anaemia?
Decreased RBC production Increased RBC destruction Blood loss
68
What should the reticulocyte count be in anaemia and what is it actually?
It is inappropriately low but should go up
69
What should the reticulocyte level be in normal people?
Low as they do not have anaemia
70
What are the 6 shapes of RBC?
Target cell Sickle cell Pencil cell Spherocyte Tear drop/poikilocyte Basket cell
71
What can bone marrow examination be used for?
Infiltration malignant cells e.g. leukaemia Bone marrow disorders
72
Where can bone marrow be aspirated from?
Posterior iliac crest
73
What does healthy bone marrow aspiration show?
Heterogenous mixture of cells of various lineages at all cells of differentiation. Myeloid cells predominating over lymphoid
74
What does fibrosis of bone marrow in a biopsy show?
Dry tap
75
Why do a bone marrow biopsy?
To examine bone structure
76
What is the findings of normal bone marrow on a biopsy?
50% haematopoietic, 50% fat tissue

PA1: Haematology (1 decks)

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