week 2 Immunology & immunopathology

Question 1

name the specialized stem cell found in bone marrow responsible for making different blood cells

Answer 1

Pluripotent stem cell

Question 2

give an example of a cell type that differentiate in the bone marrow

Answer 2

B cells

Question 3

where do the T cells mature from

Answer 3

Thymus

Question 4

where do T cells and B cells go after maturation

Answer 4

different lympoid tissues

Question 5

give different region where microphages are found

Answer 5

1.osteoclasts in bone 2. Kupffer cells in the liver 3. alveoli 4. Spleen 5. Peritoneum and Neuroglia ( microglial cells)

Question 6

give an example of pathogens and their products

Answer 6

1. protein – bacterial toxins
2. viruses & Prions
3. bacteria , Fungi & Protozoa
4. Helminths & mites
   ( size ranges from 1 as smallest to largest on 4 )

Question 7

name the types of responses made against Pathogens

Answer 7

1. Neutralisation by plasma proteins ( viruses & prions/ bacterial toxins )
2. phagocytosis by Leucocytes ( ingesting and killing)
3. cytotoxicity (cell lysis of infected cells)
4. humoral approach by antibodies (complement )
5. Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
6. containment of infected cells

Question 8

name the types of immunity, the body elicits

Answer 8

1. innate immunity & 2.Adaptive immunity

Question 9

contrast between innate and Adaptive immunity

Answer 9

innate immunity
1. naturally present
2. present at birth 
3. Rapid onset 
4. no memory or specificity 
5. limited diversity 
6. present in vert + invertebrates
Adaptive Immunity 
1. available after exposure to antigens 
2. develops during childhood 
3. slow onset 
4. antigen specific 
5. b cell &T cell memory 
6. highly specific 
7. present in vertebrates only

Question 10

name two forms of immune responses

Answer 10

Humoral and Cellular ( mostly Complement each other )

Question 11

upon exposure to Antigen, what does a naive mature B cell do ?

Answer 11

differentiate either in a plasma cell or a memory B cell

Question 12

what do plasma cells do

Answer 12

produce antibodies

Question 13

name the different types of antibodies

Answer 13

IgG, IgA,IgE, IgM

Question 14

name the antibody that can be made indipendent of TB Cell

Answer 14

IgM

Question 15

T Cell helps in making what antibodies

Answer 15

Ig ( GAE).

Question 16

Upon re-exposure by specific antigen, memory B cells ( do what ? 🤷🏾‍♂️?)

Answer 16

produce antibodies specific for the antigens

Question 17

what types of antibodies do long memory B cells produce ( Hint: in presence of T cells )

Answer 17

IgG, IgA, IgE

Question 18

what name is given to disorders caused by immune responses ?

Answer 18

Hypersensitivity Disorders

Question 19

what is type I sensitivity ?

Answer 19

mediated by IgM ( with 30 mins onset )

Question 20

what is type II ( cytotoxic + cytolytic ) sensitivity

Answer 20

Mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces →activating the complement cascade →cell destruction.

Question 21

what is type III sensitivity

Answer 21

mediated by immune complexes (Ag-IgM or Ag-IgG complexes) activate complement; granulocytes (e.g. neutrophils) are attracted to the site of activation & damage is caused by the release of lytic enzymes. Reaction within hours of challenge with antigen.

Question 22

what is type IV sensitivity

Answer 22

Involves both cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) and Th1 cells (CD4+) –no antibody involvement. Mediated by Th1 cells, which upon activation release cytokines →accumulation & activation of macrophages, plus activation of cytotoxic T cells →local damage. Reaction occurs days -weeks after challenge with antigen.