Week 2 - Health and the Individual Flashcards
1
Q
who is hippocrates?
A
- an ancient greek physician
- considered the father of modern medicine
- provided the idea that health and illness stemmed from causes, not fortune
2
Q
definition of health from the International Conference on Primary Health Care
A
they declared health to be a “social goal whose realization requires the action of many other social and economic sectors in addition to the health sector
3
Q
conditions for health identified by the Ottawa Charter
A
- peace
- shelter
- education
- food
- income
- a stable eco-system
- sustainable resources
- social justice
- equity
4
Q
what do medical anthropologists say about health?
A
they argue that health requires “access to and control over the basic material and non-material resources that sustain and promote life at a high level of satisfaction”
5
Q
old definition of health
A
- referred to as a state of sound mind, and suggested a wholeness of the body (that the body was functioning well)
6
Q
definition of health from WHO
A
“health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
7
Q
how have definitions of health, wellness and illness changed over time?
A
- have become less black and white
- have become more multifaceted and inclusive over time
8
Q
definition of wellness
A
- refers to the way a person feels about his or her health and quality of life.
- people can consider themselves to be well even if they have a disease or ailment
9
Q
how do you achieve wellness?
A
- a person must assume responsibility for their own health by leading a balanced lifestyle and avoiding self-imposed risk behaviours
- develops from the decisions people make about how to live their lives
- wellness depends on the social determinants of health, where they live, and the inequities they face.
10
Q
definition of illness
A
- is the presence of a disease affecting the body or the mind, or the state of feeling unhealthy, even if no disease is present.
- people can feel ill, even if no disease has been diagnosed.
11
Q
7 dimensions of wellness
A
- physical
- emotional
- intellectual
- spiritual
- social
- environmental
- occupational
12
Q
what has the WHO recently added to its definition of health?
A
“positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capabilities”
- health impacts peoples ability to realize aspiration and satisfy needs, and to change and cope with the environment
13
Q
definition of disease
A
- a pathological process affecting a system or organ, which can be mental, physical, or genetic in origin.
- can be caused by bacteria, virus, or fungus.
14
Q
how can disease be characterized?
A
- A change in, or deviation from, normal function
- behavioural or psychological alterations for which a biological or biochemical explanation exists
- a group of symptoms (called a syndrome)
15
Q
WHO definition of mental health
A
“a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to their community”
16
Q
definition of a disability
A
- refers to a deviation from typical function that occurs as a result of an illness or accident or is genetic in nature
- can be physical, sensory, cognitive, intellectual or a pervasive development disorder
17
Q
medical model of disability
A
views a disability as a defect that the field of medicine and healthcare professionals must fix
18
Q
social model of disability
A
- individual limitations that are the cause of the problem
- it is instead society’s failure to provide appropriate services and adequately ensure that the needs of disabled people are taken into account in societal organization
19
Q
individual-environment model of disability
A
views disability as an outcome of “interactions between health conditions and contextual factors”
20
Q
what is physical wellness
A
- maintaining a healthy body by eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, making informed decisions about their health and seeking medical care when necessary
21
Q
what is mental wellness
A
- mental wellness is not merely the absence of mental illness but rather a state of overall well-being
- refers to a state of holistic overall well-being in which an individual experiences a sense of fulfillment, contentment, and resilience in their mental and emotional functioning
22
Q
what is emotional wellness
A
- includes people’s ability to understand themselves, to recognize their strengths and limitations, and to accept who they are
–> the emotionally adapted person effectively handles and controls their emotions, communicates well, and seeks support when needed.
23
Q
what is intellectual wellness
A
- reflects people’s ability to make informed decisions that are appropriate for and beneficial to themselves
–> intellectually well people are able to gather information throughout their lifespan from experiences and use that information to make the best of situations
–> these people apply critical thinking skills, prioritize data, and keep informed on current health research, treatments, and health-related issues.
24
Q
what is social wellness
A
- refers to relating effectively to others, including being able to form close, loving relationships, to laugh, to communicate effectively and empathically, to be a good listener, and to respond appropriately.
–> socially well individuals work agreeably in groups and within the community, are tolerant and accepting of others, and can form friendships and supportive networks.
25
what is spiritual wellness
- is different for most people, and entirely personal
- it frequently involves a search for, or achievement of, a sense of purpose or meaning in their lives
---> may be based on a faith or religion
--> may include a search for harmony and balance with life, themselves and others
--> can involve prayer, meditation, or other spiritual practices.
26
what is environmental wellness
- take into account one’s relationship with the environment
--> an environmentally well person is one who engages in a lifestyle that is friendly to the environment and lowering one’s carbon footprint
27
what is occupational wellness
- occurs when a person feels secure, confident, and valued in their workplace setting
--> occupationally well people achieve an adaptive work–life balance, manage work-related stress effectively, and grow professionally
28
3 common health models
1) medical model
2) holistic model
3) wellness model
29
medical model of health
- traditionally defined health as the absence of disease.
- it identifies diseases through steps like functional inquiry, examination, patient history, and diagnostic tests.
- it lacks holistic approaches to patient care and often doesn't collaborate with other health care approaches.
30
criticisms of medical model of health
- mental and physical health are often considered separate entities (overlooks interconnectedness of physical and mental health)
- the model focuses more on disease and disability rather than ability and patients strengths
- that the model is paternalistic in the approach to patient care (doctors make decisions for patients without full involvement/consen)
31
holistic model of health
- considers all parts of the person
- strives for a state of health that encompasses the entire person, rather than just aiming for a lack of disease and disability
- it recognizes the impact of factors such as lifestyle, spirituality, socioeconomics, and culture on an individual’s health
--> this approach has been used for many years by alternative practitioners, such as naturopaths; only recently has it been integrated into mainstream medicine.
32
indigenous wholistic theory of health
- also known as holistic model of health
- predominates in Indigenous populations
- wholistic approach to health considers mental, physical, cultural, and spiritual well-being, not only of the individual person but of the entire community.
- incorporates the medicine wheel and the outlook that Indigenous people have regarding health
33
wellness model of health
- builds on medical and holistic models
- it considers health to be a process that continues to evolve and to progress toward a future state of improved health
- this model requires individuals to take responsibility of their own health by making informed, healthy choices and try to lead a balanced lifestyle.
- considers a person with a disability or illness to be healthy depending on the person’s outlook on their life, health, and well-being
34
how has the perception of population health changed over time?
- through the 1950's the dominant view of health was focused on the individual
- during the 60's and 70's, governments realized health is something that affected the entire population
- the new perspective gained traction and governments initiated programs that recognized prevention, and how to better population health
35
what is the health-illness continuum?
- a wellness model that supports the idea of a continuum ranging from optimal health to death
- it describes how people move between the continuum over time
36
transtheoretical model of health behaviour
- suggests that people progress through a series of 6 steps before their health behaviour completely changes, modifies, or improves.
37
6 stages of transtheoretical model of health behaviour
1) pre-contemplation
- although aware that a behaviour modification may improve their health, the person may initially have no desire or motivation to make a change
2) contemplation
- the person is ready to seriously think about making changes and may consider the risks and benefits of a behaviour change
3) preparation
- occurs when the person starts planning for the behaviour change
4) action
- is when the person implements their plan (6 months)
5) maintenance
- which must continue for 2 years
6) termination
- at this point, the person’s behavioural changes are integrated into their lifestyle and considered permanent
38
social-ecological model of health behaviour
states there are many levels of influence shape one’s health behaviour, including:
- a person’s education, occupation, or profession
- type of social support
- environment
- public policies of various levels of government
39
protection motivation theory of health behaviour
contends that self-preservation is the key factor that motivates a person to change his or her health behaviour.
- Fear of illness, physical decline, physical disability, mental health problems or even death can encourage adaptive (or maladaptive) health behaviours.
- the person’s actions depend on how severe he or she perceives a threat to be
40
health belief model of health behaviour
- suggests that people’s health behaviours are driven by ideas and attitudes about things they believe to be true which may stop people from following a recommended course of action
A person’s behaviours might be driven by attitudes about:
- How “at risk” a person feels
- the perceived seriousness of the health condition or illness if acquired
- the experience and the emotions it produces
- culture, religion and spiritual beliefs
41
sick role theory
- based on the assumption that individuals who are ill have certain inherent rights and responsibilities, recognizing the fact that ill persons may be unable to carry out some, if not all, of their normal activities and responsibilities
- for an individual to be accommodated because of their illness, the person must be able to prove that they are ill.
42
sick role theory of health behaviour
- the idea that hen people are ill, their behaviours, roles, and attitudes change
- when removed from normal societal expectations and responsibilities, a sick person may respond to situations differently than when he or she is well
- is usually temporary in nature
43
social model of disability
- recognizes disability as resulting from the interaction between individuals with impairments and the environment around them that consists of physical, attitudinal, communication, and social barriers
- model beliefs that the environment must change to accommodate individuals with disabilities, rather than that the individual with a disability must change in order to interact successfully with the environment.
44
behaviour of hospitalized patients
- hospitalized individuals are most likely to display visible changes in behaviour.
- n general, the behavioural changes are greater:
--> The more serious a patient’s illness
--> the longer they're in the hospital
--> the more their autonomy is restricted
45
how do stages of illness influence patient behaviour?
- a patient’s acceptance of a diagnosis and treatment plan normally follows a relatively predictable path through the stages of illness
- a person’s response and choice of course of action depend on their health beliefs, health behaviours, and other variables
--> for example, someone with a minor sore throat may think it could be strep throat while others may brush it off as nothing to be concerned about
46
5 stages of illness
1) Preliminary phase: suspecting symptoms
2) acknowledgment phase: sustained clinical signs
3) action phase: seeking treatment
4) transitional phase: diagnosis and treatment
5) resolution phase: recovery and rehabilitation
47
what are self-imposed risk behaviours?
defined as acts that increase the risk of disease or injury, which can subsequently lead to disability, death, or social problems
examples:
- not wearing a seatbelt or bicycle helmet
- smoking/ drug abuse
- unhealthy eating habits
- diving into unknown waters
48
what are the leading causes of death in Canada?
1) cancer
2) cardiovascular disease
3) COVID-19
49
how has the health of Canadians changed over the years?
Overall, the health of Canadians has improved over the past decade, yet challenges remain in providing prompt and effective care.
- on average, Canadians are now living much longer than they were in previous decades (life expectancy increasing)
- in Canada, infant mortality rates have been dropping but at a slower rate than other developed nations (higher in indigenous populations)
50
factors contributing to health improvements
- universal, publicly funded health care system ensures access to essential medical services
- public health initiatives and government led campaigns (i.e vaccination)
- canada's relatively high standard of living (access to education, employment)
- environmental regulations and decreased environmental hazards
51
factors contributing to challenges to health improvements
- health inequalities among different socioeconomic and demographic groups
- barriers to access (those in remote or underserved areas)
- an aging population = increased healthcare demand, long term care
- mental health crisis
