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PLAN 203 Final > Week 2 - Fundamental Concepts of Transportation > Flashcards

Week 2 - Fundamental Concepts of Transportation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the core components of transportation?

A
  • modes
  • infrastructure
  • networks
  • flows
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2
Q

Define modes

A

vehicles to move passengers or freight; mobile elements of transp (ex. cars)

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3
Q

Define infrastructure

A

physical support of transp modes (ex. routes, terminals, roads, bridges)

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4
Q

Define networks

A

systems of linked locations (nodes); functional and spatial organization of transp

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5
Q

Define flows

A
  • movement of people, freight, and info over network

- have origins, intermediary locations, and destinations

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6
Q

Explain why transportation is an indispensable part of economy and society (dimensions)

A

One of the most important human activities.

  • historical: changes brought by transport technologies, rise/cohesion of civilizations, and development of modern nations
  • economic: transport and economic development and the value of goods/services; influences land value
  • social: access to healthcare, welfare, and cultural events; shapes social interactions
  • political: nation building/unity; national defence; rules/regulations; subsidized mobility
  • environmental: pollution (GHGs/air quality), exploitation of natural resources
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7
Q

How is transportation a key economic sector in its own right in Canada?

A
  • 4.2% of national GDP

- until recently, truck driving was single largest occupation for men

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8
Q

Why does transportation occur?

A
  • goal is to overcome space (shaped by distance, time, admin divisions, and topography)
  • about changing the geographical attributes (locations) of people and freight (goods) from origin to destination - key is value is added along the way
  • a derived demand: it takes place because of some other economic activity/demand is taking place (ex. only take the bus to get to school; truck delivers concrete to construction site)
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9
Q

What is transportability?

A

The convenience at which passengers, freight, or info can be moved

  • relates to cost of movement (modal difference), attributes of what is being transported (fragility, state, value), institutional factors (laws, borders, tariffs)
  • similar to mobility: the relative ease of movement
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10
Q

What is an example of a good with high transportability?

A

cars, explosives b/c they have high value and are easy to transport

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11
Q

What is an example of a good with low transportability?

A

gravel, waste

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12
Q

What groups of people have the highest mobility?

A
  • the wealthier you are, the more you travel (income strongly related to mobility)
  • a challenge because as people become wealthier, they’ll desire more mobility, which means more GHGs
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13
Q

How much effort and money are we willing to put into travel?

A
  • 10-15% of household budget
  • income and travel positively correlated
  • most people commute about 1-1.5 hours per day
  • influences decisions on where to live, where to go, and how to get there
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14
Q

What are the roles transportation?

A

Key role in structure and organization of space and territories

  1. major influence on evolution of location theory (transp costs & influence on patterns of location)
  2. at local scale, one of major influences on urban morphology (why cities take certain form - new emphasis on TOD)
  3. at regional/national scale, influence/relationship with economic development (impact on economy - ex. trade influences transp b/c coastal cities )
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15
Q

What is Alfred Weber’s theory of industrial location?

A

The least-cost location largely driven by transport costs.
Ex. making beer, inputs are grain and water from 2 corners and third corner is town, where do you locate rail system?
- minimize costs to maximize profits under set of assumptions (ex. cost directly proportional to weight of goods)

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16
Q

What is the main ideas of transp roles?

A
  • importance in development of space
  • scale-dependent (global to local diffs in roles)
  • mode and time dependent (container ships vs. truck transport)
17
Q

In the evolution of transp systems, what is space/time convergence?

A

“shrinking” the world through speeding up modes with technology
- ex. ship to train to airplanes to jet planes to internet

18
Q

What is the historical evolution of transp systems?

A
  • related to spatial evolution of economic systems
  • strong links b/w transp and development, so major stages in evolution of economic systems are specifically related to tech innovations
  • must recognize that enhancements in communication tech plays critical role in this evolution (ex. rail & telegraph; highway & phone; supply chains & internet)
19
Q

What are the phases of world economy development?

A 
1500-1780: mercantilism
1780-1880: industrial capitalism
1880-1970: monopoly capitalism (fordism)
1970-2010: corporate capitalism (post-fordism)
2010-?: sustainable capitalism
20
Q

Explain the pre-industrial era/mercantilism

A
  • Growth: commodities and crafts trade
  • production unit: workshop
  • production system: craft cities
  • limited to animal and wind power so low volumes and low speeds
  • land transport was long distances for high value goods
21
Q

Explain industrial capitalism/industrial revolution

A
  • Growth: textiles, steam power, metallurgy
  • production unit: factory
  • production system: industrial cities/regions
  • massive modifications were canal systems and railways
22
Q

Explain monopoly capitalism/fordism

A
  • Growth: electricity, petrochemicals, internal combustion engines
  • production unit: multinational corporations
  • production system: industrial clusters
  • economies of scale through assembly lines
  • first commercial air service in 1919
  • shift from coal to oil
23
Q

Explain corporate capitalism/post-fordism

A
  • Growth: aviation, electronics, info, communications tech
  • production unit: corporate system
  • production system: global production networks
  • mass development of telecommunications, globalization, and efficient distribution systems
24
Q

Explain sustainable capitalism

A
  • Growth: digital networks/devices, green energy, customized fabrications
  • production unit: collaborative supply chain
  • production system: hierarchical production networks
  • still have dual dependency (transp heavily relies on fossils fuels and road transp)
25
Q

What is expected to be part of the next phase of world economic development?

A
  • autonomous vehicles
  • electrification of transp
  • hyperloop
26
Q

What is transp planning?

A
  • focus on “the plan” but transp planning is a continuous process
  • effective transp planning is an integral and ongoing part of decision making in our communities
  • lots of components with lots of actors
  • ex. hierarchy: Planning Act > PPS > OP (transp mp, infrastructure mp, green space mp, design guidelines) > community design plan > zoning by-law > development review/approval
27
Q

What does transp planning consider?

A
  • efficient movement of people and goods (efficiency = least cost, time, resources/energy; uses measures of effectiveness for system performance & sustainability indicators)
  • different modes: intermodal (moving between; ex. container from ship to rail) and multimodal (considering all methods; ex. walk, then car, then bike)
  • thinks forward to future performance through quality & quantity (ex. changing needs and demands, changing state of facilities, impacts of changing social norms)
28
Q

What can be TP be broken down into (4 key things)?

A
  1. TP sets goals/objectives for transp that must consider range of factors
    - ex. land uses and kind of city we want (homogenous vs. mixed; sprawl vs. concentrated)
  2. TP documents existing conditions through monitoring
    - ex. transit ridership; traffic volumes; primary destinations (employment, education, retail); travel patterns (peak hours - not planning for max capacity b/c inefficient most of time)
  3. TP develops and selects measures of effectiveness using key indicators
    - mostly quantitative w/ some qualitative
    - ex. accidents frequency, severity, and type (auto-auto, auto-bike, etc.)
    - must consider location, available data sources, reliability, etc.
  4. TP develops alternatives
    - finds range of alts & adapts to local context
    - evaluates alts against projections/forecasts (ex. pop growth, demographic change, economic conditions, changing social norms)
    - evaluation techniques use quantitative measures, models, case studies, and public input
29
Q

What are the scale of TP?

A
  1. facility level
  2. corridor level
  3. neighbourhood level
  4. city
  5. regional
  6. national
30
Q

Explain the facility level scale of TP

A
  • micro level infrastructure items that can have highly variable character across areas
  • ex. design of bus shelters, street lights, crosswalks, pavement conditions
31
Q

Explain the corridor level scale of TP

A
  • segments b/w nodes
  • ex. sidewalks, lanes, land use, design
  • must consider purpose and function in network
32
Q

Explain the neighbourhood level scale of TP

A
  • lanes, pedestrian, bicycle strategies, land use, design
  • neighbourhoods have specific purposes/characters, even within same general land use category (ex. pre-war grid, post-war cul-de-sacs, mid/high-rise apartments)
33
Q

What are the main neighbourhood layout models?

A
  • Grid: road grid network few parks, high density, high mixed land use
  • Greenway: grid network of trails offset from disconnected road network, homes face trails, low density, medium mixed land use
  • Loop & cul-de-sac: disconnected road network, large parks, low density, low mixed land use
  • New urbanist: modelled after grid with more parks and trails, some cul-de-sacs, mainly alleys, low density, high mixed land use
34
Q

Explain the city level scale of TP

A
  • issues which must be addressed at city-wide scale
  • current/development planning (short term): ex. traffic impact studies
  • strategic/policy planning (long term): ex. transp MP, OP, road network startegies
35
Q

Explain the regional level scale of TP

A
  • issues relevant at larger scale

- ex. public TP, regional transp, major infrastructure, regional roads

36
Q

Explain the provincial level scale of TP

A
  • long range of issues with broad spatial impact and high cost
  • ex. 400-series highway, Metrolinx & GO
37
Q

Explain the national level scale of TP

A
  • borders, air travel, immigration, trade, strategically sig. infrastructure
  • ex. gateways and corridors program

PLAN 203 Final (11 decks)

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