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Advanced Pharmacotherapeutics for Nursing > Week 2 Drug List: Antibiotics > Flashcards

Week 2 Drug List: Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

What classes of drugs are Beta-Lactams?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins

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2
Q

What are 4 drugs in the Penicillin subclass?

A

Penicillin V (PO)
Penicillin G (IM)
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate

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3
Q

What 2 drugs are in the 1st-generation Cephalosporin subclass?

A

Cephalexin
Cefazolin (IM/IV)

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4
Q

What drug is in the 2nd-generation Cephalosporin subclass?

A

Cefuroxime

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5
Q

What 3 drugs are in the 3rd-generation Cephalosporin subclass?

A

Cefdinir
Cefpodoxime
Ceftriaxone (IM/IV)

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6
Q

Name 2 Fluoroquinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin

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7
Q

What drug has a high potential to cause severe diarrhea and C.diff?

A

Clindamycin

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8
Q

Name 3 Macrolides

A

Azithromycin
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin

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9
Q

Name an Oxazolidanone

A

Linezolid

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10
Q

Sun sensitivity is significant with which drug class?

A

Tetracyclines (Doxycycline and Tetracycline)

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11
Q

Which drugs have a higher number of drug interactions due to being strong inhibitors of the CYP enzymes?

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
(Both Macrolides)

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12
Q

What drugs should be stopped while taking Erythromycin and Clindamycin, and what is the risk if continued?

A

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)

Risk of severe myopathy or rhabdomyolysis

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13
Q

In which drug classes do dairy products/antacids interfere with GI absorption?

A

Fluoroquinolones
Tetracyclines

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14
Q

What drug class is Vancomycin Oral in?

A

Glycopeptides

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15
Q

What is the drug treatment of C. diff?

A

Oral Vancomycin (Poor oral absorption)

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16
Q

Name the 4 Antimycobacterials (“RIPE”)

A

Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

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17
Q

What drug class is mainly used to treat Tuberculosis?

A

Antimycobacterials

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18
Q

What is the main use of Nitrofurantoin?

A

Lower UTI’s because it rapidly concentrates in the urinary tract

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19
Q

What is the MOA of Beta Lactams?

A

Bactericidal

Bind PBP (tanspeptidase, carboxypeptidase, endopeptidase), which are involved in terminal formation of cell wall.

**PCNs enter CSF poorly

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20
Q

Common side effects of Penicillins

A

N/V/D
Maculopapular rash with amoxicillin

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21
Q

Major side effects of PCN

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity
C. diff
Seizure/neurotoxicity
Hyperkalemia

22
Q

How is PCN excreted?

A

Renally

23
Q

Indications for PCN

A

Group A/B strep
Bacterial URI
PNA
STI (Syphillus Pen G)
UTI
Wound Infections
Endocarditis Prophylaxis

24
Q

Which generation of Cephalosporins generally has more Gram negative coverage?

A

3rd gen Cephalosporins

25
Q

Indications for Cephalosporins

A

Acute Otitis Media
Sinusitis
PNA
GAS (group A strep)
Chronic Bronchitis
UTI- Cefixime 1st line for upper UTI

Gonorrhea- Ceftriaxone/Azithromycin

26
Q

Cephalosporin side effects

A

Common: Diarrhea

MAJOR: Allergy and seizure sickness
Seizure with renal impairment
C. diff
Hemolytic Anemia (watch for bleeding, bruising, yellowing, lethargy)

27
Q

Clindamycin MOA:

A

Binds to bacterial ribosome to suppress synthesis

Metabolized by the liver

28
Q

MOA of Fluoroquinalones

A

Bactericidal

Interfere with DNA synthesis, preventing replication and transcription

Concentration-dependent killing of bacteria.

29
Q

Side effects of Fluoroquinolones

A

Common: Photosensitivity and Phototoxicity, Dizziness, Crystalluria

MAJOR: QTC prolongation, Liver Failure, Avoid in pregnancy, Avoid in <18 year olds, C. diff.

30
Q

Fluoroquinalones: BLACK BOX WARNING

A

Tendon Rupture/tendinitis
Myasthenia Gravis Precipitation

31
Q

Clindamycin side effects

A

Common: Diarrhea, N/V/ bitter taste, dizziness, vertigo, headache, hypotension

MAJOR: C. diff, intensify neuromuscular blockade, cardiac arrhythmia (rare)

32
Q

Macrolide indications

A

1st line for uncomplicated CAP or mycoplasma PNA in peds.
STDs
h. pylori

Gonorrhea- azith/ceftriaxone
Chlamydia/chancroid- azith

33
Q

MOA of macrolides

A

Bacteriostatic

Binds to ribosome and inhibits RNA synthesis

Disassociates tRNA from ribosomes

Immunomodulating properties

34
Q

Side effects of macrolides

A

Common: NVD, cramping, eczema

MAJOR: QTC prolongation, myasthenia gravis, c. diff, liver problems, Stevens Johnson syndrome.

35
Q

Side effects of Linezolid

A

Common: N/D, headache, myelosuppression, c. diff

MAJOR: Neurotoxicity- NO MAOI use, Serotonin Syndrome

36
Q

MOA of Nitrofurantoin

A

Alters and inactivates ribosomes–protein synthesis, metabolism, RNA and DNA.

37
Q

Side effects of Nitrofurantoin

A

MAJOR: Neuropathy, pulmonary toxicity/risk of fibrosis with long term use, blood dyscrasias

38
Q

MOA of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

A

Bacteriostatic

Sulfa: inhibit dihydrofolate synthetase, prevents folic acid synthesis

Trim: Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate acid reductase, prevents purine synthesis.

39
Q

Side effects of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

A

Common: Folate deficiency, Anorexia, NVD, C diff, Photosensitivity

MAJOR: SJS, hepatotoxicity, QTC prolongation, Blood dyscrasias

40
Q

Indication for Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

A

UTIs

41
Q

MOA of Tetracyclines

A

Inhibit protein synthesis of ribosome/prevent amino acid growth

42
Q

Side effects of Tetracyclines

A

Common: N/V/D, C diff, photosensitivity, rash

MAJOR: Caution with liver problems, caution <8 years old r/t calcium, Intracracial HTN (benign) causing headache, dizziness, vision changes, SJS

43
Q

Vancomycin MOA

A

Weakens call wall and Lysis
Damages cell membraneSE o

44
Q

SE of Vancomycin

A

Common: Skin rash, ototoxicity

MAJOR: Nephrotoxic, Vanco infusion syndrome (low BP, flushing)

45
Q

MOA of Antimycobacterials

A

Rifampin: Inhibit RNA synthesis

Isoniazid: Interferes with lipid and nucleic acid biosynthesis in growing organisms.

Pyrazinamide: Exact MOA unknown: good activity with macrophages, kills intracellular organisms

Ethambutol: Inhibits synthesis of arabinogalactan, an essential component of mycobateria cell walls

46
Q

SE of Antimycobacterials

A

Common: GI upset

MAJOR: Hypersensitivity reactions, ototoxicity, optic neuritis, peripheral neuritis, hepatotoxicity, elevated uric acid levels, body fluid discoloration, blood dyscrasias

47
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Rely on functioning immune system; only suppress cellular activity.

Kills bacteria but less than 99% eradication in 24 hours.

Do NOT use in neutropenic of immunocompromised patients

“We’re ECSTaTiC about Antibiotics”
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol

48
Q

Bactericidal

A

Meds that kill bacteria regardless of a working immune system.

99.9% eradication of bacteria in 24 hours.

“Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder”
Vancomycin
Fluoroquinolones
Penicillin
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporin
Metronidazole

49
Q

Factors contributing to antibiotic resistance

A

Increases in populations of immunocompromised patients

The number and complexity of invasive medical procedures

Use (appropriate or inappropriate) of antimicrobials

Survival of patients with chronic diseases

Spread of resistant bacteria in day cares, overcrowding, travel, and the use of antibiotics in angriculture.

50
Q

What are the leading risks of having a drug-resistant pathogen?

A

Recent use of antimicrobials

Multiple medical comorbidities

Recent hospitalization or other skilled health-care contact

Immunosuppression

Advanced Pharmacotherapeutics for Nursing (1 decks)

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