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Urinary System > Week 2 - Development of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Week 2 - Development of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the mesoderm is involved in development of the genitourinary tract?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

List the two membranes where there is no intervening mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm.

A
  1. Buccopharyngeal membrane

2. Cloacal membrane

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3
Q

Which region does the pronephros appear in?

A

Cervical region

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4
Q

Which region does the metanephros appear in?

A

Pelvic region

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5
Q

What is the main function of the pronephros?

A

Gives rise to a duct which extends from the cervical region to the cloaca and drives development of the next developmental stage

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6
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A

A region of intermediate mesoderm giving rise to both the embryonic kidney and the gonad

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7
Q

What are the functions of the mesonephric duct?

A
  1. Sprouts the ureteric bud which drives the development of the definitive kidney
  2. Important role in development of the male reproductive system
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8
Q

What causes renal agenesis?

A

Failure of the ureteric bud to interact with intermediate mesoderm

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9
Q

What structures lie anterior to peri-renal/perinephritic fat?

A
  1. Gerota’s fascia

2. Anterior capsule

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10
Q

What is the embryological derivative of the bladder?

A

Hind gut

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11
Q

What is the embryological basis for a pelvic kidney?

A

Failure of cranial migration

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12
Q

What structure is the collecting system derived from?

A

Ureteric bud

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13
Q

What is the excretory component of the kidney derived from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm under the influence of the ureteric bud

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14
Q

What is the role of the ureteric bud?

A

Induces development of the definitive kidney

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15
Q

Where does the metanephric kidney first appear?

A

The pelvic region

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16
Q

What important structure does the kidney cross during its ascent?

A

Arterial fork formed by vessels returning blood from the foetus to the placenta

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17
Q

What is the final position of the kidney?

A

Lumbar region

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18
Q

Outline the embryological basis of accessory renal arteries.

A
  1. When the kidneys ascend from the pelvic region, they sprout new vessels from the abdominal aorta
  2. Other vessels normally regress
  3. Some vessels don’t regress: accessory renal arteries which are end arteries
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19
Q

What is the embryological basis of duplication of the ureters?

A

Splitting of the ureteric bud - partial or complete

20
Q

What are the symptoms of duplication of the ureter?

A

Ectopic ureteral orifices –> incontinence: no control over urinary sphincter

21
Q

Outline the main features of polycystic kidney disease.

A
  1. Recessive
  2. Presents early
  3. Poor prognosis
22
Q

What can multi cystic kidney disease cause?

A

Atresia of the ureter

23
Q

How is the urogenital sinus formed?

A

Formed from the hindgut by the urorectal septum

24
Q

What is the urorectal septum?

A

A wedge of mesoderm which grows down towards the cloacal membrane to separate the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts

25
Q

What is the female urethra formed by?

A

Pelvic part of urogenital sinus

26
Q

What is the male urethra formed by?

A

Pre-prostatic, prostatic and membranous: pelvic part of urogenital sinus
Phallic: spongy part of the urogenital sinus

27
Q

What are the basic components of external genitalia?

A
  1. Genital tubercles
  2. Genital folds
  3. Genital swellings
28
Q

Outline the formation of external genitalia in males.

A
  • GT elongates

- Fusion of genital folds produces the spongy urethra: driven by sex hormones (androgens)

29
Q

Outline the formation of external genitalia in females.

A
  • No fusion occurs in females

- Urethra opens into the vestibule

30
Q

Outline the main features of hypospadias.

A
  1. Defect in fusion of urethral folds
  2. Urethra opens onto the ventral surface, rather than at the end of the glans
  3. Increasing incidence
31
Q

Outline features of the filtration barrier.

A
  1. Capillary endothelium is fenestrated
  2. Podocytes invest the capillary endothelium
  3. Making filtration slits: spaces between podocyte processes
  4. Podocytes and endothelium share a basement membrane
  5. Very leaky
32
Q

Outline the main features of the PCT.

A
  1. Longest, most convoluted section
  2. Reabsorption begins
  3. Simple cuboidal epithelium with pronounced brush border
33
Q

State the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

A
  1. Macula densa - DCT
  2. Juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells (aka Lacis cells)
34
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

Continuation of the DCT via the collecting tubule

35
Q

How does the collecting tubule differ from the thick limb of Henle’s loop histologically?

A
  1. Larger lumen

2. Lumen is more irregular rather than circular

36
Q

How many smooth muscle layers are present in the ureter?

A
  • 2 layers

- A third appears in the lower 1/3 of the ureter

37
Q

What is the function of the transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder?

A

Umbrella cells on the surface layer make the epithelium impermeable to the fluid collected, especially when the urinary bladder is distended

38
Q

Why does the proximal convoluted tubule have so many mitochondria?

A

To energise active transport of sodium ions mainly by the 3 Na 2 K ATPase transporter

39
Q

Why does the descending limb have such few mitochondria?

A

Water moves by osmosis which is a passive process

40
Q

What distinguishes the PCT from the collecting duct?

A

Collecting duct has a wider lumen and no brush border

41
Q

What structure is formed from the merging of collecting ducts, and acts as the gateway to the cavity known as the minor calyx?

A

Collecting ducts merge and terminate to form the papillary ducts of Bellini which open sieve like at the area cribosa

42
Q

In which structures in the urinary tract can you find transitional epithelium?

A
  1. Cavity of the minor calyx
  2. Urinary bladder
  3. Ureters
  4. Superior urethra
43
Q

Interaction between which structures is key to development of the definitive kidney?

A

Ureteric bud and metanephric tissue cap

44
Q

What foetal abnormality might you suspect if you examined a pregnant patient and discovered that there was an abnormally Low amniotic fluid volume?

A

Bilateral renal agenesis

45
Q

Explain the embryological basis for a pelvic kidney.

A

Sometimes, 1 or both kidneys fail to ascend to their normal position in the lumbar region of the abdomen

46
Q

Explain the embryological basis of horseshoe kidney (seen in 1/600 births).

A

If the 2 developing kidneys become too close to each other as they begin to move out of the pelvis, their lower poles can fuse as they undergo lateral rotation.
The fused kidney is caught on the inferior mesenteric artery (the first midline unpaired branch of the aorta that it meets during ascent). Therefore, a horseshoe kidney is typically found at the pelvic brim.

47
Q

Explain the embryological basis for accessory/suprarenal arteries.

A

Accessory renal arteries can arise because of the ascent of the kidney during development. As kidneys rise from the pelvis to the lumbar region of the abdomen, they acquire new branches from the aorta. They normally disappear, but can remain producing a variant blood supply

Urinary System (5 decks)

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