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Foundation Psychology A > Week 2: Cross Cultural Psychology > Flashcards

Week 2: Cross Cultural Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is culture?

A

Shared rules that govern the behaviour of a group of people and enable members of that group to co-exist and survive

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2
Q

What is cultural shift?

A

the changes to culture that evolves slowly over time

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3
Q

What is enculturation?

A

process of absorbing and internalising the rules of one’s culture

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4
Q

What does a cultural psychologist do?

A

study ways that people are affected by the culture in which they live

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5
Q

What does a cross-cultural psychologist do?

A

compare the similarities and differences in behaviour across different societies or culture

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6
Q

What are the two perspectives to cultural and cross cultural research?

A

the emic and etic perspectives

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7
Q

What is the emic perspective?

A

culture specific and involves focusing on one cultural group and examining psych aspects of that group

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8
Q

What is the etic perspective?

A

cross-cultural and involves the search for commonalities across cultures

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9
Q

What are the three different research methods used to test hypotheses in cross-cultural research?

A

Cross-cultural comparison studies, cross-cultural validation studies, unpackaging studies

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10
Q

What are cross-cultural comparison studies?

A

comparing two or more different cultures in relation to a psychological variable

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11
Q

What are cross-cultural validation studies?

A

examine whether a psychological variable in one culture can be applied and have meaning in another culture

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12
Q

What are unpackaging studies?

A

tries to explain why cultural differences may occur

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13
Q

What are the five challenges for psychologists studying culture?

A

Research methods, equivalent samples, interpreting results, research bias and sensitive issues

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14
Q

What are matched samples?

A

matching individuals across different cultures on variables not under investigation, ensuring individuals from one culture reflect the same characteristics from another culture.

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15
Q

What is the individualist-collectivist continuum?

A

extent to which a given culture favour individual goals or communal goals and how this influences psychological processes

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16
Q

What are individualist cultures?

A

emphasise the primacy of the individual over the group

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17
Q

What are collectivist cultures?

A

emphasise the group over individuals

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18
Q

What are the six values that underpin ethical conduct for research with indigenous people?

A

Reciprocity, respect, equality, responsibility, survival and protection, spirit and integrity

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19
Q

What are the four dimensions of culture?

A

Time, emotion, interpersonal space, context

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20
Q

What is the difference between monochronic and polychronic in the time dimension of culture?

A

Monochronic – time is closely regulated and observed

Polychronic – time is loosely regulated and fluid

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21
Q

What are cultural display rules?

A

specify the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social settings

22
Q

What are the three levels of interpersonal space?

A

Intimate space, social and consultative space, and public space

23
Q

What is conversational distance in relation to interpersonal space?

A

how close people stand to each other when talking; related to the idea of intimate space.

24
Q

What is the difference between high context and low context cultures?

A

High context cultures – pay close attention to nonverbal signs like body language to decode real meanings behind words or actions
Low context cultures – interpret actions and words literally, without as much regard to accompanying circumstances.

25
Q

What is the difference between tight versus loose cultures?

A

Tight Cultures - group members are expected to closely adhere to social norms. Deviation is not tolerated.
Loose Cultures – Social norms are either unclear or deviance from norms is tolerated.

26
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

situation where multiple cultures exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those cultures is significant

27
Q

What is pluralism?

A

general acceptance of the existence of many cultures and ethnic groups and their right to retain their cultural heritage while co-existing

28
Q

What is culture shock?

A

feeling of disorientation and anxiety that occurs as people from one culture encounter and adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of another culture

29
Q

What are the four phases of culture shock?

A
  1. Honeymoon phase – initial euphoria and excitement
  2. Disenchantment phase – disillusionment and hostility towards new culture as values and habits conflict with local attitudes and beliefs
  3. Beginning resolution phase – recovery as confidence and understanding of the new culture grows
  4. Effective functioning phase – adjustment as individual learns how to fit into new cultural environment
30
Q

What is acculturation?

A

changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture

31
Q

What are the three types of acculturation?

A

assimilation, fusion, alternation

32
Q

What is assimilation?

A

absorption into the dominant culture

33
Q

What is fusion?

A

combining two cultures to form a new culture

34
Q

What is alternation?

A

maintenance of two distinct cultural identities within a multicultural society

35
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

refers to people who share geographic, language, cultural and religious origins

36
Q

What is ethnic identity?

A

members of an ethnic group identify ‘us’ and ‘them’ in relation to aspects of shared culture, language or religion

37
Q

What is social identity?

A

perception that we belong to a larger social group who possess similar attributes such as values, meanings and goals

38
Q

What is personal identity?

A

a sense of who we are as individuals (i.e. what’s unique about us)

39
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender?

A

Sex – biological attributes that differentiate males and females
Gender – roles and behaviours cultures deem appropriate for men and women (cultural influences on gender roles)

40
Q

What are cultural stereotypes?

A

generalised views that we hold about particular groups of people, that all members of a cultural group share common traits or behaviours; can be positive or negative.

41
Q

What is xenophobia?

A

fear or hatred of foreigners, or anything foreign or unfamiliar

42
Q

What are the three distortns in thinking that occur from stereotypes?

A
  1. Accentuation of group differences – us/them thinking, people focus on differences and ignore similarities
  2. Creation of selective thinking – people only see what reinforces a cultural stereotype and reject any perceptions that don’t fit
  3. Assumption of homogeneity in other groups – people recognise dissimilarity between members of their own cultural group but assume that all members of another culture behave the same way.
43
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

tendency for a person’s own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world

44
Q

What is prejudice?

A

an unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group (negative pre-judgment based on group membership)

45
Q

What is racial prejudice?

A

negative stereotypes about members of another racial or cultural group

46
Q

What is racism?

A

pervasive and systematic assumption of inferiority and the unfair and differential treatment of others based on this assumption of inferiority

47
Q

What is discrimination?

A

behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes

48
Q

What are the four ‘levels’ that the APS recommends changes for to reduce racism and prejudice?

A

macro (government), institutional (organisational procedures), psychology (profession to have culture training and rebut prejudice), individual (encourage tolerance)

49
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

suggests that more contact between cultural groups will help break down barriers and prejudices

50
Q

What is aboriginality?

A

An Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person is a person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent, who identifies as such and is accepted as such by the community in which they live.

51
Q

What is cultural competence?

A

a person’s effectiveness in communicating and behaving appropriately with people from another culture; involves understanding and practical application of this knowledge. This is an ethical responsibility of psychologists.

Foundation Psychology A (2 decks)

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