Week 2 - Communication Flashcards
What is Communication?
Any means by which two or more individuals exchange information
Define: PARALINGUISTIC TECHNIQUES
Non-verbal tools of communication that involve no vocalisation e.g. hand signals, facial expression
Define: NON-LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION
Non-verbal tools of communication that do involve an element of vocalisation e.g. grunts, groans, snorts, sighs
Differences between human and animal communication
- The honeybee dance = displacement, creativity
- Primates = share most design features with humans, bar ‘tradition’, ‘prevarication’ and ‘reflexiveness’
Kanzi the Bonobo
- learned approx.. 400 symbols
- he could group the symbols into lexical sets and showed signs of consistent word order
- he could understand some simple spoken English
Hockett’s Design Features
- Vocal-auditory channel
- Interchangeability
- Complete feedback
- Arbitrariness
- Displacement
- Productivity
- Discreteness
- Semanticity
- Duality of patterning
Define: Vocal-auditory channel
(HDF) where speech is based on sounds
Define: Interchangeability
(HDF) where the same person is able to both transmit and receive messages
Define: Complete feedback
(HDF) while speaking, we can monitor what we are saying
Define: Arbitrariness
(HDF) where there is no direct connection between a word and what it refers to
Define: Displacement
(HDF) we use speech to refer to things in other times or places
Define: Productivity
(HDF) we can use language in novel ways and be creative with it e.g. coinings such as Brexit
Define: Discreteness
(HDF) language is based upon a vocabulary of independent, moveable units e.g. changing one phoneme changes one word into another
Define: Semanticity
(HDF) specific signals can be matched with specific meanings
Define: Duality of patterning
(HDF) smaller units (e.g. phonemes) are combined into larger ones (words)
