Week 2 CL - Word learning Flashcards
What is Infant directed speech?
Not a universally applicable concept, however describes the way in which we talk to babies.
Stress patterns - what did Jusczyk, 1999 find about 7.5 month old infants in relation to stress patterns.
By 7.5 months old infants could recognise stress patterns which they had been rained to listen to in the experiment showing how infants can differentiate between stress patterns. 7.5 month old prefer stress at start. 9 month old show no bias.
What is transitional probability?
the probability of a word becoming a word depending on how it starts
What were the findings of Saffran et al 1996?
Tested children with novel words trying to see difference in listening time, children very surprised when they hear the part word instead of the full word, 2 syllable of 1 novel and 1 syllable of novel w2.
What is a holophrase?
A single simple phrase standing for a longer sentence / meaning e.g. dog running after stick, baby ‘stick’ – represent action of dog running after stick.
Explain the process of 18 month babies developing Multiword utterances.
Multiple words at once allow for deeper meaning to be conveyed by baby. Agent-object, daddy book – dad is reading. Agent action, daddy run – dad is running.
What is fast mapping?
Quickly mapping a novel item to its meaning.
Explain what the referential ambiguity problem is.
If someone points at something in a field and says a word in a different language, we assume it is the whole object instead of a part of the object e.g. rabbit in field we assume they say novel word it means the rabbit and not rabbit ear.
Explain what is meant by perceptual heuristic?
DAX, give 3 other items all similar in shape, colour, texture.
By 2 years of age they show a shape bias, most adults also have a shape bias, this bias is not innate it is learned as. This bias is related to the number of nouns a child has.51-100 nouns they show very strong shape bias unlike 0-25, no real bias seen here and up until over 50.
Explain what is meant by conceptual heuristic?
we assume the word to a novel object means the full object – full object bias.
Explain what is meant by mutual exclusivity.
2 objects and child have word for one and other item is novel then new word must be the novel object with no name. However tricky heuristic as one object can have multiple names as sometimes one object can have multiple names / meanings. However useful in early language development.
External factors impacting language development.
Hart and Risley (1995,2003) The 30-million-word gap – 42 families, 13 professional, 23 working class, 6 welfare. Differences in the number of words-
Professional- 45 million words. Working class – 26 million words. Welfare – 13 million words.
Differences In affirmations and prohibitions –
- Professional, 6:1.
- Working Class, 2:1.
- Welfare, 1:2.
