Week 2 - Chemistry Part 1 Flashcards
Every substance that exists is made of
Matter
What is Matter?
- Anything that takes up space and has mass
- A pure substance
Requires at least 1 subatomic particle - Ex: protons, atoms, molecules, compounds
What is an element?
The simplest substance that cannot be broken down further using chemical reactions
- They are arranged on the Periodic Table
What is an Atom?
One unit of element
Combining two or more atoms together to form chemical bonds are called
Molecules
All molecules have ___ properties
Special
Molecules are written as ____.
Formulas
Molecule formulas show ____, ____.
- Types of atoms
- Amount of each type of atom
What is a subscript?
Amount of each type of atom in a molecular formula
What is the Atomic structure composed of?
- Core nucleus
- Electron Cloud
What are the 3 subatomic particles?
- Electron
- Proton
- Neutron
Location and charge for: Electron
- Electron cloud
- Negative
Location and charge for: Neutron
- Nucleus
- Neutral
Location and charge for: Proton
- Nucleus
- Positive
What takes up 99% of MASS of an atom?
Core nucleus that contains proton and neutrons
What takes up 99% of SPACE of an atom?
Electron cloud that contains electrons
What are 4 elements that make up human body?
- Carbon
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
3.5% of elements of the Human body
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Sulfur
- Sodium
- Chlorine
- Magnesium
What are TRACE minerals in the body and percentage?
- 0.5%
- iron, iodine, manganese, selenium
What deficiency causes thyroid malfunctions?
Low iodine
Deficiency leading to low red blood cell count?
Low iron
Define Atomic structure
- Elements listed on the periodic table are in the ‘perfect state’
- But they can vary in terms of subatomic particle content
What is an Isotope?
When the number of neutrons is different in the nucleus than another atom of the same element
How often do radioactive isotopes release a neutron?
Periodically
The process of dating fossils and diagnosing medical disorders
Carbon dating
Where do electrons orbit in an atom?
Orbit around the nucleus
What is the Octet Rule
8 electrons can fill each shell
How many electrons are able to be in the first shell?
Only 2!
What is the outermost/most important shell?
Valence shell
Lewis Dot Diagrams: Why are valence electrons the most improtant?
To figure out how many atoms pair up with other atoms
Lewis Dot Diagrams: Electrons will always try to ___
Pair up
Lewis Dot Diagrams: Lone electrons
= bad = free radical
- will try to find other atoms with other lone elctrons to pair them up
Lewis Dot Diagrams: Define process of drawing
- write out atom symbol
- Draw dots around symbol representing number of electrons in the atoms valence shell
- North, South, East, West
- Dots must fill every side around the atom
- Try to pair up as many atoms as you can
- make sure each side has at least 1 electron
Lewis Dot Diagrams: Atoms want to have ____, ____
Complete variance shells! They have to find a buddy!
Different methods of atom bonding
- Ionic bonding
- Covalent bonding
- Polar
- Non-polar - Weak interactions
Bonding: Atoms will give or take electrons ‘electron transfer’
Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding happens between ___
Ions = charged particles
Why does ionic bonding happen?
Some atoms are really close to having filled Valence shells
Atoms that have __ # of electrons prefer to ‘take’ an electron to become more ___
7, stable (filled shell)
Atoms that ___ electrons do so to jump down to the next ____ valence shell
lose, lowest
Transferring electrons in atoms (gain/lose) ionic charges on the atoms - why?
gain, because the number of electrons do NOT equal # of protons anymore
___ = ions that gained electrons and thus a ___ charge
Anion, negative
Elements ending with ‘ -ide ‘ in name are identified as ____
Anions
Cations are ions that have ____ electrons and become more positive
lost
Covalent bonding: Atoms ___ electrons with other ___
share, atoms
Covalent bonding: Much ____ and more ____ than ____ bonding
stronger, common, ionic
Covalent bonding: atom contributes how many electrons to each other atom
at least 1, 2 or three
Covalent bonding: Why does it happen?
- Atoms generally have between 2-6 valence atoms
- harder to fill just by electron transfer
Covalent bonding: allows for very large, ____ ____ to form
stable molecules
Three compound mixtures
- Solution
- Solute
- Solvent
Compound mixtures: Solution
liquid, solid, or gas - made up of different molecules
Compound mixtures: ____ = substance dissolved in another
Solute
Compound mixtures: ____ = the liquid that solutes dissolve in
Solvent
Two types of classifications for compounds in chemistry
Organic, Inorganic
Organic compounds are anything that contains =
CARBON
Examples of organic compounds
biomocules > glucose, fats/lipids, proteins
____ Compounds that does NOT contain CARBON
inorganic
Examples of inorganic compounds
salt, water, many other salts/acids
