Week 2 - Chapter 2 Flashcards
The process of creating a specific data model for a determined problem domain.
Data Modeling
A representation, usually graphic of a complex “real-world” data structure. ________ are used in the database design phace of the database life cycle
Data Models
A person, place, thing, concept, or event for which data can be stored.
Entity
A characteristic of an entity or object. An ____________ has a name and a data type.
Attribute
An association between entities,
Relationship
Associations among two or more entities that are used by data models. In a ______________ relationship, one entity instance is associated with many instances of the related entity.
One-to-many (1:M or 1..*) relationship
Association among two or more entities in which one occurrence of an entity is associated with many occurrences of a related entity and one occurrence of the related entity is associated with many occurrences of the first entity.
Many-to-Many (M:N or ..) relationship
Associations among two or more entities that are used by data models. In a _____ relationship, one entity instance is associated with only one instance of the related entity.
One-to-One ( 1:1 or 1..1) relationship
A restriction placed on data, usually expressed in the form of rules. For example, “A student’s GPA must be between 0.00 and 4.00”
constraint
A description of a policy, procedure, or principle within an organization. For example, a pilot cannot be on duty for more than 10 hours during a 24 hour period or a professor may teach up to 4 classes during a semester
Busines Rule
An early database model whose basic concepts and characteristics formed the basis for subsequent database development. This model is based on an upside down tree structure in which each record is called a segment. The top record is the root segment. Each segment has a 1:M relationship to the segment directly below it.
Hierarchical model
In the hierarchical data model, the equivalent of a file system’s record type.
Segment
An early data model that represented data as a collection of record types in 1:M relationships.
Network model
A logical grouping of database objects, such as tables, indexes, views, and queries, that are related to each other. Usually, a ______ belongs to a single user or application.
Schema
The portion of the database that interacts with application programs.
Subschema
The set of commands that allows an end user to manipulate the data in the database, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK.
Data Manipulation Language DML
The language that allows a database administrator to define the database structure, schema and subschema
Data Definition Language DDL
Developed by E. F. Codd of IBM in 1970, the relational model is based on mathematical set theory and represents data as independent relations. Each relation (tabke) is conceptually represented as a two dimensional structure of intersecting rows and columns. The relations are related to each other through the sharing of common entity characteristics (values in columns).
relational model
A logical construct perceoved tp ne a two dimensional structure composed of intersecting rows (entities) and columns (attributes) that represents an entity set in the relational model.
Relation
In the relational model, a table row
Tuple
A collection of programs that manages a relational database. The ________ sofrware translates a users logical requests (queries) into commands that physically locate and retrieve the requested data.
Relational Database Management System RDMS
A graphical representation of a relational databases entities , the attributes within those entities, and the relationships among the entities.
Relational Diagram
A data model that describes relationships (1:1, 1:M, and M:N) among entities at the conceptual level with the help of ER diagrams.
Entity Relationship model ERM
A diagram that depicts an entity relationship models entities, attributes, and relations.
Entity relationship diagram (ERD)
A row in a relational table
Entity Instance or Occurence
A collection of like entities
Entity Set
The classification of the relationship based on the maximum number of instances of one entity that can be related to an instance of the other entitiy. Classifications include 1:1, 1:M, and M:N
Connectivity
A data model that describes relationships (1:1, 1:M and M:N) among entities at the conceptual level with the help of ER diagrams.
Chen Notation
A representation of the entity relationship diagram that uses a three pronged symbol to represent the MANY sides of the relationship.
Crows foot notation
A set of symbols used in the creation of class diagrams
Class diagram notation
A data model whose basic modeling structure is an object
Object oriented data model (OODM)
An abstract representation of a real world entity that has a unique identity, embedded properties and the ability to interact with other objects and itself
Object
Data management software used to manage data in an object oriented database model
OODBMS Object oriented database management system
The first of a series of data models that models both data and their relationships in a single structure known as an object.
Semantic Data Model
A collection of similar objects with shared structure (attributes) and behavior (methods). A ____ encapsulates an objects data representation and a methods implementation.
Class
In the object oriented data model, a named set of instructions to perform an action. _______ represent real world actions. A programmed function within an object used to manipulate the data in that same object.
Method
The organization of classes in a heirarchical tree in which each parent class is a superclass and each child class is a subclass.
Class hierarchy
In the EERD, the property that enables an entity subtype to inherit the attributes and relationships of the entity supertype. In the object oriented data model, the ability of an object to inherit the data structure and methods of the classes above it in the class heirarchy.
Inheritance
A language based on object oriented concepts that provides tools such as diagrams and symbols to graphically model a system
UML Unified Modeling Language
A diagram used to represent data and their relationships in UML object notation.
Class Diagrams
A model that includes the object oriented models best features in an inherently simpler relational database structural environment.
Extended relational data model
A DBMS based on the extended relational model ERDM. The ERDM championed by many relation database researchers constitutes the relation models respons to the OODM. This model includes many of the object oriented models best features within an inherently simpler relational database structure.
object/relational database management system o/r dbms
A web of internet-connected devices constantly exchanging and collecting data over the internet. _____ can be remotely managed and configured to collect data and interact with other devices on the internet.
IOT internet of things
A movement to find new and better ways to manage large amounts of web generated data and derive business insight from it. While simultaneously providing high performance and scalability at a reasonable cost.
Big Data
Three basic characteristics of big data databases; _______, ______, and _______
3 V’s, volume, velocity and variety
A java based open source high speed fault tolerant distributed storage and computational framework. _____ uses low cost hardware to create clusters of thousands of computer nodes to store and process data.
Hadoop
A highly distributed fault tolerant file storage system designed to manage large amounts of data at high speeds
Hadoop distributed file system HDFS
Three types of nodes used in the hadoop distributed file system. The ____________stores all the metadata about the file system
Name Node
Three types of nodes used in the hadoop distributed file system The_______ stores fixed-size data blocks (that could be replicated to other data nodes).
Data node
One of three types of nodes used in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The ______ acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS
Client node
An open source application programming interface API that provides fast data analytics services one of the main big data technologies that allows organizations to process massive data stores
MapReduce
The group that accepted the DBTG recommendations and augmented database standards in 1975 through SPARC committee
American National Standards Institute ANSI
The end users view of the data environment. Given its business focus, an __________ works with a data subset of the global database schema.
External Model
The specific representation of an external view; the end users view of the data environment.
External Schema
The output of the conceptual design process. The ____________ provides a global view of an entire database and describes the main data objects avoiding details
Conceptual Model
A representation of the conceptual model, usually expressed graphically.
Conceptual Schema
A property of any model or application that does not depend on the software used to implement it.
Software Independence.
A condition in which a model does not depend on the hardware used in the models implementation. Therefore changes in the hardware will have no effect on the database design at the conceptual level.
Hardware independence
A stage in the design phase that matches the conceptual design to the requirements of the selected DBMS and is therefore software dependent. ____________ is used to translate the conceptual design into the internal model for a selected database management system such as DB2, SQL Server, Oracle, IMS, Informix, Access or Ingress
Logical Design
In database modeling, a level of data abstraction that adapts the conceptual model to a specific DBMS model for implementation. The _____________ is the representation of a database as seen by the DBMS. In other words the _______ requires a designer to match the conceptual models characteristics and constraints to those of the selected implementation model.
Internal Model
A representation of an internal model using the database constructs supported by the chosen database.
Internal Schema
A condition in which the internal model can be changed without affecting the conceptual model.
logical independence
A model in which physical characteristics such as location, path, and format are described for the data. The ________ is both hardware and sofrware dependent.
Physical Model
A condition in which the physical model can be changed without affecting the internal model
Physical independence
A diagram used to represent data and their relationships in UML
Class diagram
A logical construct perceived to be a two dimensional structure composed of intersecting rows (entities) and columns (attributes) that represents an entity set in the relational model.
Table
