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transfusion sciences > Week 2- Blood transfusion > Flashcards

Week 2- Blood transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

slides 1-18

A
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2
Q

who decides who can or can’t give blood

A

the department of health based on independent advise from the advisory committee on the safety of Blood, Tissue and Organs (SaBTO)

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3
Q

which groups have a higher risk

A
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4
Q

why can you no longer be a blood donor if you have/ think you have had a blood transfusion anytime since jan 1st 1980

A

to reduce the risk of prion transmission in blood that can cause vCJD

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5
Q

what is vCJD

A

a fatal neurological disease caused by the same prion as BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) (mad cow disease)

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6
Q

is there practical screening for blood donors

A

no

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7
Q

why is it unlikely that other countries will accept UK donations

A

because of the risk of vCID
(4 cases of TTI vCjD before 1999 from 3 donors)

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8
Q

which donors are deferred

A
  • Tattoo, piercings, semi-permanent make up: 4 months
  • Acupuncture (not through NHS): 4 months
  • Travel: 4 weeks- 6 months
  • pregnancy
  • illness
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9
Q

what is required from a donor in order to tolerate the donation process

A

adequate haemoglobin levels

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10
Q

how is haemoglobin levels tested

A

copper sulphate test

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11
Q

how is the copper sulphate test carried out

A

a drop of blood from finger prick is dripped into a copper sulphate solution. the drop should fall between the liquid within 15 secs. (2 different strengths for males/ females)

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12
Q

what should the minimum haemoglobin levels for haemoglobin be

A

Hb of 125g/l for females
Hb of 135g/l for males

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13
Q

what is the safest type of blood supply

A
  • volunteer donors
  • unpaid
  • donors who have no reason to lie about their health
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14
Q

23-27

A
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15
Q

when was the restriction on using plasma from UK donors introduced and why

A

in 1998 as a precautionary measure against vCjD

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16
Q

when was the restriction of using Uk plasma donations uplifted?

A

Feb 2021 by the department of health and social care

17
Q

where are plasma donations taken

A

at repurposed former convalescent plasma donor centres (originally created for coronavirus research)

18
Q

how many people needed immunoglobim therapy in the UK

A

around 17,000 (requiring more than 5.5m doses of blood plasma)

19
Q

what are the principles of detection of blood borne diseases

A
  1. nucleic acid test (NAT) detects the DNA or RNA of a virus whilst it is replicating and has the shortest window period
  2. antigen assay becomes positive later in the infection
  3. antibody assay becomes positive after there is an immune response and has a much longer window period
20
Q

35

A
21
Q

how is HIV tested before donation

A
  • Antibodies to the virus- anti-HIV 1 and 2
  • HIV NAT
22
Q

why is it important to test for HIV before a donation

A

HIV virus is responsible for AIDS, if left untreated, where CD4+ T cells are destroyed
this acquired immunodeficiency can lead to opportunistic infections and the development of rare cancers

23
Q

how is hepatitis B tested before donation

A
  • Hep B surface antigen (HBsAG) detection
  • HBV NAT
  • antibodies to the virus (if NAT screen positive)
24
Q

How is hepatitis C tested before donation?

A

Antibody test
HCV NAT

25
Q

how is hepatitis C tested before donation

A
26
Q
A
27
Q
A
28
Q

How is hepatitis E tested before donation?

A

HEV NAT

29
Q

How is human T cell lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV) tested beef donation?

A

Via antibodies to the virus

30
Q

How is cytomegalovirus (CMV) tested before donation?

A

Antibodies to the virus

31
Q

How is malaria tested before donation?

A

Antibodies to the plasmodium

32
Q

How is West Nile virus tested before donation?

A

WNV VAT

33
Q

Why should one not worry too much about bacterial contamination during blood transfusion?

A

Because there has been previous mandatory testing

34
Q

What are the sources of bacterial contamination during blood transfusion?

A

Skin
Asymptomatic donors
Contaminated blood bag
Contaminated water bath (used to
defrost frozen components)
Contamination during processing

35
Q

If there is contamination during blood donation, how is it managed?

A

Try to detect the infection/contamination of the donated blood
Recall all the donations from the same donor

36
Q
A

transfusion sciences (10 decks)

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