Week 2 - All 3 parts Flashcards
Falls
unintentionally coming to rest on a lower surface such as ground or floor
Presbyopia
Structural changes in eye shape cause reduction in the eye’s accommodation.
Difficulty encountered with ascending or descending steps
or diminished ability to focus on close objects (arm’s length) such as newspaper
Instruction must be given to watch door edges & landing steps.
Eye Glare
tendency of the lens to become cloudy & form cataract
Instruct the patient to wear wide-brimmed hats or sunglasses and to shade indoor windows.
Presbycusis
atrophy of the ossicles in the inner ear which causes
changes in sound conduction including loss of high-tone frequency
Age-related Changes Contributing to Falling
(Cardiovascular system)
Loss of tissue elasticity which affects the arteries decrease tissue recoil, resulting in changes in blood pressure (postural hypotension).
Nursing Interventions
Educate patient to change position slowly and to dangle the legs a few minutes when arising from supine position.
Encourage older adults to wait between position changes and to hold onto the side of the bed.
Osteoarthritis
occurs in weight bearing joints, causing pain, eroding joint stability and loss of supportive cartilage
Nursing Interventions - Osteoarthritis
Identify the problem, encourage and assist in ambulation, and joint range of motion.
Encourage patients to use assistive device to aid mobility and avoid further joint damage.
Use of ice and hot packs.
Use of anti-inflammatory agent and
Pain killer as prescribed.
Risk Factors for Falls
1.Intrinsic Factors
Normal age related changes
Disease &
Medication effects
Risk Factors for Falls
2. Extrinsic Factors
Environmental hazards
& Restraint
Restraint (cont’d)What to consider before deciding to restrain?
Physical examination – identify potential underlying causes of behavior
Assess environment – identify irritants that may escalate behavior
Identify patient specific problems – (forgetfulness) to determine
Fall & Injury prevention Gerontologic nurse should
- Identify the individuals who are at risk for serious injury,
2.Educate them about the importance of
Behavioral modification.
Physical modification
Environmental safety
Principles for use of assistive devices
Every assistive device should be adjusted to individual height.
When using walker, step down with weak then strong leg,
Don’t climb stairs with walker.
Place your cane firmly in the ground before taking a step,
Do not place it too far ahead from you,
Put all of your weight on unaffected leg then move the cane and affected leg.
When using cane on the stairs, step up with the stronger leg and down with the weaker leg
Replace cane tips frequently and choose one with flat bottom.
Prevention of Burn Injuries
Nurses must instruct older adults to:
Use thermometer and container with safety handle to check the hot water temperature.
Adjust the hot water tank accordingly , temp should not be above 120 F (480C).
When space heaters are used , an emergency shutoff must be operable & keep it at 3 m from flammable items.
The electrical cords must be intact and appropriate for the electrical outlet.
Have fire extinguisher available for use, and make sure smoke detectors are working
Non-Burn Injuries in the Home:
Carbon Monoxide toxicity from use of heating oil or natural gas
Skin exposure or ingestion of household chemicals , herbicides, pesticides
Fan injuries when air conditioner is unavailable.
Use of knives in the kitchen
Food borne disease.
Hyperthermia / Heat stroke
is a life threatening problem that must be treated immediately
Risk factors:
Thyrotoxicosis
CVA
Dehydration
Extensive use of occlusive clothing
Heat syncope & heat exhaustion
Malignant hyperthermia
Alcohol abuse
Delirium tremor
Salicylic acid intoxication
Management of Hyperthermia
Fast and effective cooling is the corner stone of treatment for heat stroke.
Heat-related deaths and illness can be prevented by drinking plenty of fluids.
Placing a fan near the client
Decrease the room temperature
Placing ice packs on the groin & axilla together with cooling blankets
Antipyretics
Bed rest to reduce heat production
Nurses should identify older adults who are living without air conditioning to keep their homes cooled to a safe temperature zone.
Hypothermia
Household temperature below 65o F (18.33o C) are associated with hypothermia in older adults.
Older adults fail to sense the cold when air temperature remains below optimum levels for even short periods.
Thermoregulatory impairment will lead to failure of the body to perform adequate constriction and shivering in response to cold.
Risk Factor of Hypothermia
Accidental immersion in water
Exposure to cold temperature
Alcohol, substance abuse, Drugs
(Opioids, benzodiazipines, barbituarate…
Excessive heat loss and impaired production
Surgery & trauma
Nutritional deficiency
Sepsis
Stroke & Spinal cord injury
Anoxia &Uremia
Hypoglycemia & hypothyroidism
Adrenal insufficiency
Clinical Manifestation
of hypothermia
Fatigue &Apathy (most important)
confusion & lethargy
Shivering &Numbness
Slurred speech
Impaired coordination
Coma
A decline in an older adults ability to drive safely may be a result of
Presbyopia,
Decrease dark adaptation,
Decrease depth perception,
Susceptibility to glare,
General slowing reflexes.