Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The first defense against pathogens is called the

A

innate/nonspecific immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The second defense against pathogens is called the

A

adaptive/specific immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The innate response consists of

A

physical, chemical and cell defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

innate immunity is made up of

A

epithelia, antimicrobial chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cells types of innate immunity

A

natural killer cells, granulocytes, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophil, antigen presenting cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cell types of adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes - B and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T lymphocytes develop in the

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of T cells

A

effector, cytotoxic, memory, Regulatory (Treg), helper (Th)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

B lymphocytes develop in the

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Purpose of cytokines is to

A

ramp up (proinflammatory) or slow down (protective) the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Th1 cytokines are more effective against

A

intracellular pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Th2 cytokines are more effective against

A

extracellular pathogens, bacteria, parasites, helminths, toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does notch signalling do?

A

determines whether cells become absorptive or secretory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is it determined that a cell should be secretory?

A

notch interaction with HES1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GALT includes

A

peyers patches, mesenteric lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches

A

aggregations of lymphoid follicles embedded in intestinal wall and covered by M cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peyer’s Patches are a type of _____ site

A

inductive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Effector sites include

A

mucosal epithelium and lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do inductive sites do?

A

initiate immune response via dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does recognition of antigens by dendritic cells to initiate the immune system take place?

A

inductive sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the immune response happen?

A

effector sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define dendritic cells

A

gatekeepers for directing the innate and adaptive immune responses that occur within the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the primary antigen presenting cell in the GALT

A

dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

effector sites are populated with

A
  • dendritic cells
  • primed B and T cells
  • intra-epithelial lymphocytes and macrophages
  • IgA producing plasma cells
  • Tregs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do T cells do?

A

recognize antigens in peyer’s patches, mesenteric lymph nodes or lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the dominant place for recognition of antigens by T cells?

A

in the mesenteric lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what makes up the physical barrier?

A

tight junctions, mucus layer (traps antigens and controls luminal bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What makes up the chemical barrier?

A

mucus layer (negatively charged and repels other negatively charged particles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define tolerance

A

systemic non-responsiveness to orally introduced antigens

30
Q

what is antigenic ignorance?

A

prevents antigens and microbes from gaining access to immunoreactive areas

31
Q

What is active tolerance?

A

involves induction of antigen specific and nonspecific anti-inflammatory responses and deletion of reactive immune resonses

32
Q

antigenic ignorance is associated with what type of immune response?

A

innate immune response

33
Q

Active tolerance involves what type of cells

A

Tregs

34
Q

intestinal inflammation arises when there is

A

an imbalance between the mucosal barriers and gut microbes

35
Q

NOD2 is involved in

A

the recognition of the bacterial cell wall component MDP

36
Q

NOD 2 is critical for

A

the release of alpha-defensis from paneth cells

37
Q

What are alpha-defensins?

A

antimicrobial peptides that protect mucosal surfaces by killing pathogens

38
Q

Name 3 therapies that enhance intestinal barrier function

A
  • enhancing mucosal innate immunity
  • decreasing epithelial permeability
  • enhancing mucus production and epithelial cell integrity
39
Q

probiotics and GM-CSF help improve

A

mucosal innate immunity

40
Q

probiotics, vitamin D and sex hormones help improve

A

epithelial permeability

41
Q

probiotics, anti-TNF, antibodies, omega-3 FAs, EGF and cathelicidin help improve

A

mucus production and epithelial cell integrity

42
Q

Two diseases that fall under inflammatory bowel disease

A

Chron’s Disease, ulcerative colitis

43
Q

Chron’s diease presents where?

A

throughout the GI tract, transmural inflation

44
Q

Ulcerative Colitis presents where?

A

The rectum and colon, mucosa and submucosa

45
Q

Chron’s disease is mediated by the

A

Th1 response

46
Q

Ulcerative colitis is mediated by the

A

Th2 response

47
Q

What protein can both promote and inhibit cell signalling?

A

cytokines

48
Q

What protein can both promote and inhibit cell apoptosis?

A

cytokines

49
Q

What protein can reinforce or repair intestinal barrier function?

A

cytokines

50
Q

Cytokines are regulated by

A

alterations in the gut biome

51
Q

Gasdermin D is involved in what pathway?

A

The non-canonical inflammasome pathway

52
Q

What part of gasdermin D forms a pore?

A

N terminus

53
Q

What happens to the C terminus of gasdermin D?

A

it goes the the pore formed by the N terminus, along with IL-1beta

54
Q

The gasdermin D C-terminus and IL-1beta cause what type of response?

A

pyroptosis and an inflammatory response

55
Q

gasdermin D is expressed in

A

immune cells, the esophagus, stomach, and intestines

56
Q

What disease(s) is/are associated with gasdermin D?

A

sepsis

57
Q

Gasdermin D is activated by

A

capsas 1, 11, 4, 5

58
Q

Gas dermin B is expressed in

A

lymphocytes, the esophagus, stomach, liver and colon

59
Q

What disease(s) is/are associated with Gasdermin B?

A

asthma, immune diseases (including IBD)

60
Q

Gasdermin B is activated by

A

unknown mechanism

61
Q

what is increased in gastric, liver and colon cell lines?

A

Gasdermin B (GSDMB)

62
Q

GSDMB binds what

A

sulfatides

63
Q

Normal/wild type GSDMB has

A

high flexibility of cell membranes

64
Q

Diseased GSDMB has

A

more rigidity in cell membranes

65
Q

mucosal biopsies from patients with Chron’s disease and Ulcerative collitis patients show

A

increased GSDMB

66
Q

Knockdown of GSDMB shows

A
  • dampened epithelial proliferation and would closure

- increased epithelial adhesion

67
Q

GWAS indicate what regarding GSDMB?

A

GSDMB disease variants is associated with increased susceptibility to asthma and IBD

68
Q

Gasdermin B bindes sulfatides in which WT GSDMB confers ____ while disease associated SNPs are associated with _____

A
  • high conformational flexibility

- plasma membrane rigidity

69
Q

_____ form cytotoxic lymphocytes cleaves GSDMB to trigger _____ in target cells

A
  • Granzyme A

- pyroptosis

70
Q

What is absent in animal models of colitis?

A

GSDMB

71
Q

GSDMB is produced by

A

epithelial cells

GI (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions