Week 2 Flashcards
Correlates:
go up or down with given variable
a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.
independent variable
a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.
dependent variable
Reject null hypothesis when it is true
type one error
Accept null hypothesis when false
type 2 error
A study design where one or more samples are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome to determine what risk factors may have caused them.
cohort design
A _____ study, on the other hand, takes a snapshot of a population at a certain time, allowing conclusions about phenomena across a wide population to be drawn. An example of a cross-sectional study would be a medical study looking at the prevalence of breast cancer in a population.
cross sectional
_____ validity refers to whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor.
In-other-words there is a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
internal
_____ validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity).
external
What type of bias/error?
A person with cancer is put into the cancer free group in a study
misclassification bias
What type of bias/error?
A person with cancer is put into the cancer free group in a study
misclassification bias
What type of bias/error?
A person may act differently while being questioned “on the record”
interviewer bias
_______ error occurs when sampling units selected for a sample are not interviewed. Sampled units typically do not respond because they are unable, unavailable, or unwilling to do so.
nonresponse
____ bias is when someone makes in error while describing something that they experienced in the past
recall
________ variables are factors other than the independent variable that may cause a result. In your caffeine study, for example, it is possible that the students who received caffeine also had more sleep than the control group.
Confounding
