Week 2 Flashcards
Three methods to evidence research
-informally -focused -surveying
Generalisability
How the results work for various people in various places
Secondary research
Combination of primary studies and their results and drawing conclusions from there
Detection bias
Differences in how treatment and control groups are assessed or measured
Database inclusion bias
Bias to systematic reviews. Studies much more easily found because they are online
Trunctuation
Identifies variations of a word without the need to individually enter each word E.G. hypno (hypnosis and hypnotherapy)
Informally researching evidence
Surfing to quench curiosity
Boolean Operators
OR AND NOT
Our version of NHMRC guidelines
Publication biases
Affects systematic reviews, omits unpopular topics so reviewers review is impacted
Allocation bias
Participants not allocated fairly, needs to be randomised
Case series
Test outcomes before and after treatment, no control
Measurement bias
Outcomes measured inaccurately
Surveying evidence research
Studying existing literature prior to research project or clinical scenario
Time lag bias
Bias to systematic reviews. Delays in publication prevent it being reviewed
Reviewers personal bias
Bias to systematic reviews. May unfairly exclude an article they don’t like
Attrition bias
Some participants leave the study so there is more in one group
Duplication publication bias
Bias to systematic reviews. Same results continuously published, makes it appear to have more evidence
Aetiological Study
Study of cause or origin. E.g. does playing competitive netball during adolescence increase risk of osteoarthritis in knee in later years
Prospective cohort study
Study of future impact of something on a cohort
Prognostic Study
Examine risk factors and their influence on disease
Applicability
How the results apply to specific situations in healthcare
4 Barriers of research evidence
-lack of time -lack of facilities -lack of searching skills -information overload
Performance bias
Events other than the intended treatment happen during the experiment
Outcome reporting bias
Bias to systematic reviews. Mainly desirable and expected results are published
Primary research
Single research study
Citation bias
Bias to systematic reviews. If many other authors cite this study it’s going to get more attention
Four grades of recommendations
1)can be trusted to guide practice 2) can be trusted to guide practice in most situations 3) provides support for recommendations 4)weak and therefore recommendation must be applies with caution
3 effective searching techniques
-Boolean operators -Trunctuation -Wildcard
Wildcard
Enables altering of one search term to account for many different ways a word can be spelt. E.G. randomi?ation
Focused evidence research
Looking for answers, having a question and researching accordingly
Language bias
Bias to systematic reviews. A preference among reviewers for studies published in their dominant language
