Week 2

Question 1

Three methods to evidence research

Answer 1

-informally -focused -surveying

Question 2

Generalisability

Answer 2

How the results work for various people in various places

Question 3

Secondary research

Answer 3

Combination of primary studies and their results and drawing conclusions from there

Question 4

Detection bias

Answer 4

Differences in how treatment and control groups are assessed or measured

Question 5

Database inclusion bias

Answer 5

Bias to systematic reviews. Studies much more easily found because they are online

Question 6

Trunctuation

Answer 6

Identifies variations of a word without the need to individually enter each word E.G. hypno (hypnosis and hypnotherapy)

Question 7

Informally researching evidence

Answer 7

Surfing to quench curiosity

Question 8

Boolean Operators

Answer 8

OR AND NOT

Question 9

Our version of NHMRC guidelines

Answer 9

Question 10

Publication biases

Answer 10

Affects systematic reviews, omits unpopular topics so reviewers review is impacted

Question 11

Allocation bias

Answer 11

Participants not allocated fairly, needs to be randomised

Question 12

Case series

Answer 12

Test outcomes before and after treatment, no control

Question 13

Measurement bias

Answer 13

Outcomes measured inaccurately

Question 14

Surveying evidence research

Answer 14

Studying existing literature prior to research project or clinical scenario

Question 15

Time lag bias

Answer 15

Bias to systematic reviews. Delays in publication prevent it being reviewed

Question 16

Reviewers personal bias

Answer 16

Bias to systematic reviews. May unfairly exclude an article they don’t like

Question 17

Attrition bias

Answer 17

Some participants leave the study so there is more in one group

Question 18

Duplication publication bias

Answer 18

Bias to systematic reviews. Same results continuously published, makes it appear to have more evidence

Question 19

Aetiological Study

Answer 19

Study of cause or origin. E.g. does playing competitive netball during adolescence increase risk of osteoarthritis in knee in later years

Question 20

Prospective cohort study

Answer 20

Study of future impact of something on a cohort

Question 21

Prognostic Study

Answer 21

Examine risk factors and their influence on disease

Question 22

Applicability

Answer 22

How the results apply to specific situations in healthcare

Question 23

4 Barriers of research evidence

Answer 23

-lack of time -lack of facilities -lack of searching skills -information overload

Question 24

Performance bias

Answer 24

Events other than the intended treatment happen during the experiment

Question 25

Outcome reporting bias

Answer 25

Bias to systematic reviews. Mainly desirable and expected results are published

Question 26

Primary research

Answer 26

Single research study

Question 27

Citation bias

Answer 27

Bias to systematic reviews. If many other authors cite this study it’s going to get more attention

Question 28

Four grades of recommendations

Answer 28

1)can be trusted to guide practice 2) can be trusted to guide practice in most situations 3) provides support for recommendations 4)weak and therefore recommendation must be applies with caution

Question 29

3 effective searching techniques

Answer 29

-Boolean operators -Trunctuation -Wildcard

Question 30

Wildcard

Answer 30

Enables altering of one search term to account for many different ways a word can be spelt. E.G. randomi?ation

Question 31

Focused evidence research

Answer 31

Looking for answers, having a question and researching accordingly

Question 32

Language bias

Answer 32

Bias to systematic reviews. A preference among reviewers for studies published in their dominant language