Week 2 Flashcards
What is the pons in the brain?
The bridge between the brain and the spinal cord.
What is the glia?
Connective tissue of the CNS.
What are the meninges? What is it made up of?
The 3 connective tissue membranes around the spinal cord. There is the pia mater which closely surrounds the spinal cord and contains blood vessels to supply it. Then there is the arachnoid mater which has a cob web like structure. Betweem this and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space which contains blood vessels and cerebral spinal fluid. Finally there is the dura mater which is a thick, tough outer layer.
What does the ectoderm form?
The nervous system and the skin.
What does the mesoderm form?
The cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and reproductive system, the kidneys, endothelium and limbs.
What does the endoderm form?
The respiratory, urinary and auditory system, the pancreas, liver and gut.
Are parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones long or short?
Long
What is a metabotropic and ionotropic receptor?
Metabotropic involves a second messenger system, ionotropic involves opening ion channels.
What happens in smooth muscle contraction?
Trigger calcium enters and binds to calmodulin which activates myosin light chain kinase. This phosphorylates the light chains on the myosin heads and increases myosin ATPase activity. This helps the formation of the myosin crossbridges.
What happens in smooth muscle relaxation?
Calcium unbinds from calmodulin. Myosin phosphatase removes the phosphate from the light chains on the myosin heads which decreases myosin ATPase activity.
In the IP3 second messenger system, what enzyme is activated?
Phospholipase C.
Does the hypothalamus produce releasing or stimulating hormones?
Releasing hormones.
What is an example of a glucocorticoid?
Cortisol.
What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?
Aldosterone.
What do the different cytochrome P450 enzymes do?
CYP1A- paracetamol and caffeine CYP2C- ibuprofen and warfarin CYP2D- codeine, porpranolol and SSRIs CYP2E- alcohol and paracetamol CYP3A- 50% of drugs
What is catabolism and anabolism?
Catabolism is breaking molecules down. Anabolism is making molecules.
What is prone and supine?
Prone is face down, supine is face up.
What is enteric nervous system?
The nerves of the gut.
What is the grey matter and white matter?
Grey matter is the cell bodies of the neurons, white matter is the axons of the neurons.
When does the blastocyst form?
Day 4, the cells differentiate into the inner cell mass and the trophoblast.
When does embryo folding occur?
Day 22-28
Is the membrane more permeable to sodium or potassium?
Potassium.
What are examples of rapid adapting receptors?
Meissner corpuscles, some hair follicle cells and pacinian corpuscles.
