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Hematology and Urinalysis > Week 2-5 > Flashcards

Week 2-5 Flashcards

1
Q

CBC

A

Comprised of:

Packed cell volume (PCV)

Plasma protein concentration (TP)

Blood Smear

-WBC differential and morphology

  • Platelet clumping, morphology and estimate
  • RBC arrangement and morphology
  • Occasionally a reticulocyte count
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2
Q

PCV

A

Aka Hct
Percentage of total blood volume composed of RBCs
% and L/L

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3
Q

What is always in the buffy coat

A

WBC and platelet

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4
Q

What is sometimes there?

A

nRBC + heartworm microfilia

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5
Q

Plasma Protein units

A

g/dL

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6
Q

What are blood smears used for?

A

Performing a platelet count

Performing a differential WBC count

Evaluating the morphology of RBCs, WBCs and platelets (including looking for the presence of blood parasites)

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7
Q

Which tube is used for blood smears?

A

Purple top

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8
Q

Why should we make blood smears immediately?

A

Morphological changes will occur due to the EDTA

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9
Q

Size of drop?

A

3mm

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10
Q

Angle of spreader slide?

A

30 degrees

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11
Q

How much should the blood spread across the slide?

A

2/3

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12
Q

How to know if the blood smear was stained properly?

A

Even purple colour when viewing grossly

RBCs appear a pinkish colour

Platelets are purple

WBCs are properly coloured

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13
Q

Reticulocyte count

A

Not routine to complete with all CBCs

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14
Q

Immature RBCs formed where?

A

bone marrow

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15
Q

Are Immature vs mature RBCs bigger?

A

Immature

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16
Q

Immature RBCs N:C ratio

A

N < C

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17
Q

Chromatin

A

delicate, fine and reticulate (meshed network)

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18
Q

Immature RBCs nucleoli

A

found in nucleus and vary in size and number

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19
Q

Nuclear chromatin

A

composed of DNA and stains light purple

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20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

contains large amounts of RNA that stain blue
has tubular assembly of a golgi apparatus which shows as a light zone around the nucleus

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21
Q

Mature RBC size

A

Gets smaller as they mature

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22
Q

RBC nuclei and chromatin

A

gets smaller and chromatin becomes coarse, clumped and compact - becomes more blue

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23
Q

RBC cytoplasm

A

Gets more red

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24
Q

RBC lifespan

A

Canine 100-120 days
Feline 70-80 days

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25
Q

RBC

A

aka erythrocyte

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26
Q

RBC functions

A

▪ Transports and protects hemoglobin (which
carries oxygen to tissues)
▪ Homeostasis – water and electrolytes
▪ Antibody protection
▪ Temperature regulation
▪ Buffering system
▪ Hemostasis

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27
Q

Canine RBC

A

7.0 microns
Biconcave disc with central pallor

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28
Q

Feline/Equine/Bovine RBC

A

5.8 microns
Biconcave disc with no central pallor (due to small size)

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29
Q

Sheep RBC

A

4.5 microns
Biconcave disc with no central pallor

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30
Q

Goat RBC

A

3.2 microns
Biconcave disc with no cental pallor

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31
Q

Each species’ RBC size from largest to smallest

A

Canine -> Feline/Equine/Bovine -> Sheep -> Goat

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32
Q

6 RBC maturation stages

A

Rubriblast
Prorubricyte
Rubricyte
Metarubricyte
Polychromatic RBC
Erythrocyte

33
Q

Rubriblast

A

Large, perfectly round cell with large, round nucleus and royal blue cytoplasm
Light blue nucleoli
Nuclear chromatin is stippled
Perinuclear clear area

34
Q

Prorubricyte

A

Similar to rubriblast but smaller
No nucleoli present
Round nucleus
Chromatin more coarse (hard to tell)
Royal blue cytoplasm
Perinuclear clear zone

35
Q

Rubricyte

A

Nuclear chromatin (spoked wheel pattern)
Nucleus is round and dark purple with blue black chromatin
Cytoplasm dark blue; lightens to pink as hemoglobin increases
Divided into basophilic, polychromatic or normochromatic as presence of hemoglobin increases

36
Q

Metarubricyte

A

Nucleus undergoes a pyknotic degeneration (shrinking, dense)
Appears as dark blue mass with no distinct chromatin structure
Cytoplasm is pink (due to hemoglobin) with a basophilic hue
When seen in peripheral blood they are called nucleated RBCs

37
Q

Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte

A

Anucleate erythrocyte with slight basophilia
Larger than mature RBCs
When stained with new methylene blue, some show a network of blue fibers
- RNA
- Cells are called reticulocytes

38
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Mature RBC in peripheral blood
Stain pink

39
Q

Rouleaux

A

Stacked like coins

40
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping

41
Q

Anisocytosis

A

No uniform size

42
Q

Macrocytosis

A

Larger size

43
Q

Normocytosis

A

Normal sized RBCs

44
Q

Microcytosis

A

Smaller than usual

45
Q

Hypochromasia

A

Decreased staining caused by reduced hemoglobin
Most often are microcytes
Decreased MCV (mean corpuscle value)

46
Q

Hyperchromasia

A

Does not exist because each RBC has a limit of hemoglobin it can carry

47
Q

Polychromasia

A

Polychromatophilic RBC
These are reticulocytes when stained with new methylene blue

48
Q

Poikilocytes

A

General term describing abnormally shaped RBCs

49
Q

Schizocytes

A

RBC fragments
Torn RBC

50
Q

Why are there schizocytes?

A

Formed by intravascular trauma and mechanical injury which resulting in turbulent blood flow

51
Q

Acanthocytes

A

Irregular blunt projection cells
Few, unevenly distributed projections
Variable length and diameter

52
Q

Why are there acanthocytes?

A

Due to alternations in lipid composition of the RBCs
Seen in hepatic diseases
From cholesterol changes at cell membrane
Seen in hemangiosarcoma (acanthocytes considered a blood biomarker for this condition)

53
Q

Echinocytes

A

Numerous short, evenly spaced blunt to sharp projections of uniform shape and size

54
Q

Why are there echinocytes?

A

Can be due to renal disease or an electrolyte imbalance but often due to faulty technique
- Crenation caused by slow smear drying
- Excessive anticoagulant may also cause

55
Q

Spherocytes

A

Darkly stained cells with reduced or no central pallor
Perfectly round sphere, no longer disk shaped
Not easily detected in species other than dogs because other species lack central pallor
Typically, the volume of cell is normal
Normal MCV

56
Q

Why are there spherocytes?

A

Seen in IMHA - macrophage bites the RBC

57
Q

Leptocytes

A

General term referring to cells with increased membrane surface relative to cell volume
- Can result to cell folding
Cells take on a variety of shapes
Includes target cells and stomatocytes

58
Q

Target cells

A

aka Codocyte
Type of leptocyte
Bullseye appearance
Central rounded area of Hb surrounded by a clear zone with a dense ring of Hb at the periphery

59
Q

Why are target cells found?

A

Found in hepatic disorders, iron deficiency and IMHA

60
Q

Stomatocyte

A

Type of leptocyte
Cup shaped RBC with an oval, elongated mouth appearing in the central pallor
Artifact due to thick blood smear

61
Q

Why are there stomatocytes?

A

Non-specific finding seen in:
- Hereditary condition in malamutes
- Drug-induced
- Regenerative anemia
- Liver disease
- Lead poisoning

62
Q

Blister cell or pre-keratocyte

A

Blister on one side of RBC forming an area devoid of hemoglobin

63
Q

Why are there blister cells?

A

Oxidative injury seen with iron deficiency

64
Q

Keratocyte

A

Ruptured blister with two upright “cattle horn-like” projections
Projections fragment from RBC to form schizocytes

65
Q

Why are there keratocytes?

A

Can be seen in healthy cats with no clear significance
Can be seen in DIC, hemangiosarcoma, iron deficiency anemia, liver disease

66
Q

Dacryocyte

A

Tear drop shaped erythrocyte with a single elongated or pointed end

67
Q

Why are there decryocytes?

A

May be found in bone marrow disorders of dogs and cats, iron deficiency in ruminants, kidney and splenic disorders in dogs
Result of mechanical fragmentation

68
Q

Drepanocyte

A

Sickle cell
RBC changes to a spindle shape
- Cell elongates and comes to a sharp or round point on both ends

69
Q

Why are there drepanocytes?

A

Result of alteration of hemoglobin due to temperature, oxygen and pH changes (alkalosis)
Seen in normal deer, angora goat and some sheep blood

70
Q

Eccentrocyte

A

Red at one end and clear at the other end giving a half moon appearance

71
Q

Why are there eccentrocytes?

A

Due to excess oxidant stress
Found in hemolytic diseases seen in dogs with onion/acetaminophen ingestion
Often see heinz bodies with them

72
Q

Elliptocyte

A

Ovalocyte (previous name)
Oval or elliptical RBC
More flat than concave

73
Q

Why are there elliptocytes?

A

Can be non-specific or due to smear making technique
May be seen in iron deficiency anemia or liver disease

74
Q

Ghost cells

A

Extremely pale to colourless
Appearing round to smudge-like
Devoid of hemoglobin in the cytoplasmW

75
Q

Why are there ghost cells?

A

Can be due to intravascular hemolysis or blood film preparation

76
Q

Torocyte

A

Punched out cell
Abrupt change from dense red to white area giving a “punched out” apprearance

77
Q

Why do we see torocytes?

A

Artifact of improper spreading of blood on slide

78
Q

Basophilic

A

Hematology and Urinalysis (1 decks)

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