Week 2 25/01/21-29/01/21

Question 1

What does hypertrophy of cells mean?

Answer 1

↑ed cell size, ==> ↑ organ size
↑ed production of cellular proteins
Hypertrophied organ X new cells, just larger cells
Synthesis of more structural components of cell

Question 2

What three factors can induce hypertrophy of cells?

Answer 2

Mechanical sensors, triggered by ↑ed work load
Growth factors incl: TGF-β, IGF-1, fibroblast growth factor
Vasoactive agents e.g. α-adrenergic agonists,
endothelin-1, angiotensin II

Question 3

What is hyperplasia of the cells?

Answer 3

↑ cell no in organ/tissue ==> ↑ed mass of organ/tissue

Occurs if cell pop is capable of dividing

Question 4

What are the two types of physiological hyperplasia?

Answer 4

Hormonal hyperplasia, ↑ functional capacity of a tissue when needed
Compensatory hyperplasia, ↑ tissue mass after damage/partial resection

Question 5

What is the cause of pathological hyperplasia?

Answer 5

Excesses of hormones/growth factors acting on target cells

Question 6

What is cellular atrophy?

Answer 6

↓ed organ/tissue size resulting from ↓in cell size + no

Question 7

What are the different types of atrophy?

Answer 7

↓ed workload (atrophy of disuse)
Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy)
Diminished blood supply (senile atrophy)
Inadequate nutrition (marasmus, cachexia)
Loss of endocrine stimulation (endometrium, breast)
Pressure (tissue compression)

Question 8

What are the mechanisms of atrophy?

Answer 8

↓ed protein synthesis + ↑ed protein degradation in

cells cos of reduced metabolic activity

Question 9

What is metaplasia of cells?

Answer 9

Reversible change, one differentiated cell type (epithelial/mesenchymal) replaced by another cell type

Question 10

What is cell necrosis?

Answer 10

Morphological changes that follow cell death in a LIVING tissue/organ, largely resulting from progressive, degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cell

Question 11

What are 2 causes of cell necrosis? (Types of enzymes)

Answer 11

Cell’s own degradative enzymes = Autolysis

Enzymes released by white cells + complement = Heterolysis

Question 12

What is apoptosis of cell?

Answer 12

Chromatin condensation + DNA fragmentation

e.g. deletion of cells in: normal development, organogenesis, immune function, tissue growth

Question 13

What are the 4 types of necrosis?

Answer 13

Coagulative necrosis e.g. MI/ paracetamol overdose in liver
Liquefactive necrosis e.g. cerebral infarct/abscess
Caseous necrosis e.g. tuberculosis
Fat necrosis e.g. in acute pancreatitis

Question 14

What is gangrene?

Answer 14

Necrosis + putrefaction (i.e. rotting)

Question 15

What are the 3 main types of diuretics? What are they used for?

Answer 15

Oedematous conditions - loop diuretics, K+ sparing diuretics

Hypertension - thiazide type diuretics

Question 16

How do hydrostatic and osmotic pressures work in microvasculature? (kidneys)

Answer 16

Hydrostatic - pushes H2O out

Osmotic - pushes water in

Question 17

Where do the different diuretics act on?

Answer 17

Loop diuretics - ascending loop of Henle
Thiazide diuretics - DCT
K+ sparing diuretics - collecting ducts

Question 18

What drugs are loop diuretics?

Answer 18

Furosemide, Torsemide

Question 19

What conditions are loop diuretics used for?

Answer 19

Oedematous conditions e.g. heart failure. hepatic cirrhosis, glomerulonephritis

Question 20

What are potential adverse affects of loop diuretics?

Answer 20

Hypokalaemia, 
Metabolic acidosis
Depletion of plasma Ca2+, Mg 2+
Ototoxicity (deafness, uncommon)
Hypovolaemia

Question 21

What drugs are thiazide type diuretics?

Answer 21

Bendroflumethiazide, Indapamide

Metolazone (thiazide like)

Question 22

What type of diuretics should be used to treat hypertension? How much?

Answer 22

Low doses of thiazide-like drugs

Question 23

What are the adverse effects of thiazides?

Answer 23

Hypokalaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Hyperuricaemia
Metabolic alkalosis