Week 2 Flashcards
what was the average life expectancy in the 1800s?
30s
3 ecosystems, 1 age
what are the four phases in human evolution?
a. hunter gatherer ecosystem
b.peasant-agricultural ecosystem
c. industrial ecosystem
d. technological age
what is max sustained speed for humans and animals (horses/greyhounds/antelopes)
humans = 10 m/s for 15 seconds
animals = 15-20 m/s for minutes
why are humans primed for endurance running?
- unique hips
- long legs
- long spring-like tendons
- muscle mass proximally distributed in lower limbs
- longitudinal foot arch as spring
- strong skeleton to absorb GRF
- special thermoregulation
hunter-gatherers e.g. masai, kung, hadza, inuit
- 500 - 2,000,000 years of evolution
- hunting, foraging, carrying, escaping, digging, migrating
- thrifty genes
- greater skeletal and muscle mass
average energy expenditure of hunter-gatherers vs humans
HG - 206 kj/kg/day
regular man - 134/kj/kg/day
thrifty gene hypothesis
- consuming food then dictated by genes that store energy e.g. triglyceride stores
- during famine, thrifty gene can allow conversion to energy
- famine periods allowed conversion of energy
descriptive designs
- case reports or research following natural history of variable
in-case control studies
- group who has disease (cases) and groups who do not have disease (control) asked to recall previous activity (retrospective)
cross-sectional studies
association between PA and disease at given point in time
studies over time
cohort studies
- follow populations prospectively to observe PA affecting disease occurences or death
randomised controlled clinical trials
alter PA patterns then assess whether disease occurence has been modified as result e.g. human and animal studies
hawthorne effect
individuals change behaviour due to being in an experiment
% of death from non-communicable diseases
6-10%
% of people who do not participate in activity
35%
METs Comparison
<1.5 METs = sedentary
<3 METS = light activity
3 - <6 = moderate activity
>6 = vigorous activity
5 virtues
- healthy BW
- physically active
- no smoking
- alcohol in moderation
- healthy diet
all 5 aspects for 11 years = decrease risk aroud 80%
Exercise’s Poly Pill Effects
- BG control
- platelet aggregation
- blood lipid control
- BP levels
