Week 2 Flashcards
What is a theory ?
a theory is a set of locigically realted concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain developments and to predict what kinds of behaviour might occur under certain conditions
What are the 5 perspectives on development ?
- Psychoanalytic
- Learning
- Cognitive
- Contextual
- Evolutionary/Sociobiological
What theories fall under the psychoanalytic perspective ?
- Freud’s psychosexual theory
- Erikson psychosocial theory
What theories fall under the learning perspective ?
- Behaviourism
- Traditional learning (Pavlov, Skinner, Watson)
- Social Learning (social cognitive) - Bandura
What theories fall under the cognitive perspective ?
- Piaget’s cognitive theory
- Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
- Information processing theory
What theories fall under the contextual perspective ?
Brofenbrenner’s bioecological theory
What theories fall under the evolutionary/sociobiological perspective ?
- Bowlby’s attatment theory
- Ainsworth
What was Freud’s theory ?
- Psychosexual
- Personality: First 5 years
- 5 stages
- Series of stages filled with conflict b/w biological urges and social demands
What are the 5 stages of Freud’s theory ?
- Oral - birth to 18 months
- Anal - 18 months - 3 years
- Phallic - 3 years -6 years
- Latency 6 years to puberty
- Genital - puberty onwards
What are Freuds 3 structures of personality ?
- Id - unconscious
- Ego - reasoning
- Superego - demanding/conscience
What were the complexes called under the Phallic stage ?
- Oedipus - boys
- Electra - girls
What was Erikson’s theory ?
- Psychosocial
- Personality - lifespan
- 8 stages
- Early experiences and family realtionships are very important to development
What are the 8 stages of Erikson’s theory ?
- Trust vs Mistrust - Hope
- Autonomy vs Shame & Guilt - Will
- Initiative vs Guilt - Purpose
- Industry vs inferiority - Competence
- Identity vs Identity Confusion - Fidelity
- Intimacy vs Isolation -
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Integrity vs Despair
What did learning theorists argue and believe?
- argued that development was the result of learning, a relatively long-lasting change in development based on experienece or adaptation to the environment
- beleived that the mind was a tabula rasa, a blank state upon which expereience could write
What is classical conditioning ?
a type of learning in which a response to a stimulus is elicited after repeated association w/ a stimulus that normally elicits the response ( Pavlov’s dogs/J.B Waton Little Albert)
What is operant conditioning ?
a type of learning based on an association of behaviour with its consequences
What is reinforcement ?
process by which a behaviour is strengthened, increasing the likelihood of it being repeated
What is punishment ?
the process by which a behaviour is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of it occuring again
What is reciprocal determinism ?
when a child acts on the world as the world acts on the child
What is observational learning ?
learning through watching the behaviour of others, but it can also occur even if the person does not imitate the observed behaviour
What is self-efficacy ?
the sense of one’s capacity to master challenges and acheive goals
What was Piaget’s theory ?
- viewed development as the product of children’s attempt to understand and act upon their world
- qualitative development
- 4 stages
- assimilation and accomadation to understand their world
What the 4 stages of Piaget’s theory ?
- Sensorimotor - birth to 2 years
- Preoperational - 2 yrs to 7 years
- Concrete Operational - 7 years to 11 years
- Formal Opertional - 11 years and older
What are the 3 processes of cognitive growth ?
- Organization
- Adaptation
- Equilibration
What is organization ?
tendencuy to create categories by observing characteristics that individuals in the category have in common
What are schemes ?
- Ways of organizing informatiomn about the world
- either motor or mental in nature
What is adaptation ?
how children handle new information in light of what they already know
What is assimilation ?
taking new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures
e.g: Anaya sees a plane - labels it as a “bird”
What is accomodation ?
adjusting ones cognitive structures to fit the new information
e.g: Anaya notices and learns the differences b/w birds and the plane, learning the new label for plane
What is equilibration ?
a constant striving for a stable balance - motivates the shift from assimilation to accomodation
What was Vygotsky’s theory ?
- Social and cultural contexts are primary factors in a child’s development
- Learning is social and collborative
- Knowledge is created through interaction w/ other people and objects in the culture
- Less skilled persons learn from the more skilled - some tasks are too difficult for children to master alone
What does the MKO do ?
- Provides guidance
- Creates goals
- Instructs in a variety of ways
- Scaffolds learning
What is the ZPD ?
imaginary psychological b/w what children can do on their own and what they can acheive with assistance
What is scaffolding ?
temporary support
e.g: parents, teachers, etc
What is the information processing approach ?
seeks to explain cognitive development by analyzing the processes involved in making snese of incoming info and performing tasks effectively
What are the 5 stages of Brofenbrenner’s theory ?
- microsystem - everyday environment; face-to-face interaction
- mesosystem - connection of microsystems
- exosystem - connection b/w a microsystem and an outside system or insitution
- macrosystem - overarching cultural patterns (e.g: religion, ideologies, political systems )
- chronosystem - dimension of time e.g: change - parent’s divorce, unemployment, etc)
What does the evolutionary/sociobiological perspective draw on ?
findings of anthropology, ecology, genetics, ethology and evolutionary psychology to explain the adaptive, or survival, value of behaviour for an individual or species
What is natural selection ?
the differential survival and reproduction of different variants of members of a species and is the tool the natural world uses to shape evolutionary processes
What is ethology ?
the study of the distinctive adaptive behaviours of animal species
What was Bowlby’s theory ?
- attatchment; innate bond b/w infant and caregiver
- attatchment to caregiver in the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span
- Influences by works of Harlow and Aintworth
- Ainsworth - attatchment styles based on strage situation experiment
