WEEK 2 Flashcards
Define the common organisms causing upper respiratory infection including bacteria
- Strep. pyogenes (BACTERIA)
- Rhinoviruses,
- adenoviruses,
- parainfluenza,
- influenza (virus)
- and EB virus.
Define the common organisms causing lower respiratory infection including bacteria, and common viruses.
BRONCHITIS
- Haemophilus influenzae, (BACTERIAL)
- RSV (VIRAL)
- parainfluenza III (VIRAL)
- Human Meta Pneumo Virus (VIRAL)
Bacterial
- Strep pneumoniae,
- Moraxella catarrhalis,
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Viral
- Rhinovirus,
- influenza,
- adenovirus,
- coronavirus,
Common clinical presentations of common lower respiratory tract infections
- 48 hrs, fever (>38.5oC), SOB, cough, grunting
- Wheeze makes bacterial cause unlikely
- Younger child less likely to have bacterial cause
- Reduced or bronchial breath sounds
Clinical presentations of BRONCHITIS in children
- Common
- Ages 1-4
- Loose rattly cough with URTI
- NO WHEEZE/CREP
- Low grade fever
Clinical presentations of PNEUMONIA in children
- Creps
- High fever
Clinical presentations of BRONCHIOLITIS in children
- Ages <12 months
- 3 days before reach peak
- Low grade fever >38 degrees
Describe the pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia and the complications and consequences of lower respiratory tract infection.
Inflammation that affects the alveoli.
This leads to the accumulation of fluid and pus.
The infection tends to spread patchily to contiguous areas in the lower lobes of the lungs.
Symptoms may include cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.
Describe the 4 common organisms leading to lower respiratory tract infections.
- Strep Pneumoniae (Typical)
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Atypical)
- Haemophilus influenzae (Typical)
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Typical)
CURB65
C - confusion
U - blood urea >7
R - respiratory rate ≥ 30/min
B - blood pressure (systolic < 90mmHg, diastolic blood pressure <60mmHg)
65 - age ≥ 65
Describe the classes of drugs and modes of delivery available in the management of asthma
- INHALERS
pMDI (Metered Dose Inhaler) (+spacer)
DPI (Dry Powder Inhalers)
ICS (Inhaled corticosteroids)
LABA (Long acting beta agonists) (MUST USE WITH ICS)
RELIEVERS
SABA (Short Acting Beta2 Agonists)
- Salbutamol
- MDI
- DPI
- Terbutaline
- DPI
- ORAL THERAPY
- Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
- Theophylline
- Prednisolone - SPECIALIST TREATMENTS
- Omalizumab (Anti-IgE)
- Mepolizumab (Anti-Interleukin-5)
- Bronchial thermoplasty
ASTHMA MANAGEMENT
- SABA
- Inhaled corticosteroid
- LABA
- Increase inhaled corticosteroid OR add leukotriene
Investigations used in assessment of COPD exacerbation
The investigations used to assess COPD include:
- Full blood count
- Biochemistry and glucose
- Chest X-ray
- Electrocardiogram
- Sputum microscopy, culture, and sensitivity
- Arterial blood gas
Describe the classes of drugs and modes of delivery available in the management of COPD.
INHALED THERAPY
- SHORT ACTING BRONCHODILATORS
- SABA (eg salbutamol)
- SAMA (eg ipratropium)
- LONG ACTING BRONCHODILATORS
- LAMA (long acting anti-muscarinic agents, eg tioptropium)
- LABA (long acting beta2 agonist eg salmeterol)
- HIGH DOSE INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS (ICS) and LABA
LONG TERM OXYGEN THERAPY (LTOT)
- If PaO2 <7.3kPa
mnemonic for life threatening asthma
33,92, CHEST
33: PEFR 33%>
92: Pulse oximetry 92%>
C: Cyanosis
H: Hypotension
E: Exhaustion
S: Silent chest
T: Tachycardia
