week 2 Flashcards
Self and Ostracism
what is self concept
the sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves
what is self esteem
how we feel about ourselves
what is ostracism
when people ignore us
what is self concept a collection of
self schemas
what are self schemas
categories of knowledge that reflect how we expect ourselves to think, feel, and act in particular settings or situations
what does the self perception theory believe
- that when internal cues are weak, we look at our behaviour and consider the situation
- argues that people become aware of certain attitudes by observing their own behaviour.
thinking about our behaviour and whether external factors can explain it has implications for:
motivation
types of motivation
intrinsic
extrinsic
what is intrinsic motivation
internal motivation
eg. doing something out of interest, enjoyment, challenge
extrinsic motivation
external motivation
eg. doing something for money, marks, recognition, obligation, punishment
what is over justification effect
when rewards are introduced for intrinsically motivated behaviours, the behaviour becomes over justified
why is over justification effect bad on motivation
because we begin to see the reward as the reason for our actions instead of the intrinsic reason. therefore if the reward is taken away we are no longer motivated
(turns intrinsic motivation to extrinsic)
over justification effect study
preschool children drawing with markers (intrinsic) and some kids got an award. Once there was no longer an award the children who expectedly received an award played with the markers less than the kids with no award or unexpectedly received one
the IV with the 73 lepper preschool markers study
reward
no reward
unexpected reward
DV with the 73 lepper preschool markers study
intrinsic motivation
- how much did they play with the markers a week later with no reward on offer?
are rewards always bad
for intrinsic motivation yes as there is no need to reward a task that people already want to do
types of reward
verbal praise
tangible reward
what type of reward undermines intrinsic motivation the most
tangible reward
what sort of reward can enhance intrinsic motivation
rewards that provide positive feedback about competence
who and why developed self perception theory
Daryl Bem 67
as an alternative account of cognitive dissonance, where certain circumstances lead to self-described attitudes that are a function of the individual’s observations of their own behavior
who developed social comparison theory
festinger 1954
what does social comparison theory believe
when uncertain about our abilities/opinions, we evaluate self through comparisons with similar others
what is upward comparison
compare self to someone who is better on some dimension
this makes us feel bad about ourselves usually
what is downward comparison
compare self to someone who is worse on some dimension
this usually makes us feel better about ourself
cultures impact on the view of self
independent view of self
interdependent view of self
what is an independent view of the self
defines oneself using ones own thoughts, feelings and behaviours
value independence
typical in western cultures
what is interdependent view of the self
defines oneself using ones relationships to others
recognises the influence of others on ones behaviour
value connectedness and interdependence
typical in non-western cultures
study on culture and the self
east asian students viewed themselves as interdepent and were more likely to choose a majority pen colour
american students viewed themselves as independent and were more likely to choose a unique pen colour
what are interdependent cultures more accepting of
contradictory characteristics as it connects to so many different people you can be a slightly different person with each person and it would all make sense
what cultures have higher self esteem
independent cultures as you have to rely on yourself to pump yourself up whereas interdependent cultures are more modest to be better family members/ friends
why do we need self esteem (theories)
sociometer theory: self esteem is driven by a need for connection and approval
- self esteem signals levels of social inclusion
terror management theory: self esteem is driven by our fear of death
what can our self wareness affect
how we feel abour ourselves
self awareness theory (carver 03)
self focused attention leads to us to compare ourselves to internal standards and values
based on the self awareness theory of carver what happens when we dont meet our internal standards
leads to discomfort
behaviours that reduce self awareness
alcohol
television
what is better than average effect
most people think highly of themselves and are biased towards self enhancement/ thinking they are better than we are
when is better than average effect more likely to occur
for important traits
eg. honest, kind
what is self serving beliefs
self enhancing recollections eg. believe we did better than we did
when are self serving beliefs common
attributions (take credit for success, but blame others for our failures)
optimism about ones future (eg. think they will do better in life than their peers)
what is self verification
we want others to see us the way we see ourselves
who tends to show self-verification
people with low self esteem
- they prefer to interact with someone who evaluated them negatively
- seek out information on their weaknesses
- more committed to partners who view them unfavourably
types of social exclusion
ostracism
rejection
what is rejection
receiving direct negative attention from others
what is meant by our need to belong
we need frequent positive interactions with one or more others in the context of stable, supportive relationships
we react strongly to successes and failures in the belonging domain
highly sensitive to social exclusion
what impact does ostracisim have on people
threatens their need to belong/ feel connected
lose sense of control
damages self esteem as you feel like you did something wrong
impacts ones sense of meaningful existence
how did Kip get his ideas on ostracism
he was at the park with his dog and a frisby hit him in the back. He tossed it back to the men and they tossed it back to him but eventually they stopped tossing it to him.
how does kip manipulate ostracism
3 people in a room and one person is telling a story. The other participants werent really listening and started to throw a ball amongst eachother, eventually excluding the person talking.
what can ostracism lead to
school shootings
can pets and friends help increase mood after ostracism
yes
does it still hurt if its a despised group that rejects you?
Gonsalkorale and Williams 07 conducted a study where participant played cyber ball with the KKK and were either ostricised or included and discovered yes it still hurts just as much
what do tv shows do to us
serve as social surrogates as they allow us to experience belongingness without actually meeting the need
what is a parasocial relationship
one way relationships often with media characters or celebrities
what did Kanazawa discover regarding parasocial relationships
that people who watch more TV report greater satisfaction with their friendships
