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social psychology- PYB202 > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

Self and Ostracism

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1
Q

what is self concept

A

the sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves

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2
Q

what is self esteem

A

how we feel about ourselves

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3
Q

what is ostracism

A

when people ignore us

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4
Q

what is self concept a collection of

A

self schemas

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5
Q

what are self schemas

A

categories of knowledge that reflect how we expect ourselves to think, feel, and act in particular settings or situations

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6
Q

what does the self perception theory believe

A
  • that when internal cues are weak, we look at our behaviour and consider the situation
  • argues that people become aware of certain attitudes by observing their own behaviour.
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7
Q

thinking about our behaviour and whether external factors can explain it has implications for:

A

motivation

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8
Q

types of motivation

A

intrinsic
extrinsic

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9
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A

internal motivation
eg. doing something out of interest, enjoyment, challenge

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10
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

external motivation
eg. doing something for money, marks, recognition, obligation, punishment

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11
Q

what is over justification effect

A

when rewards are introduced for intrinsically motivated behaviours, the behaviour becomes over justified

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12
Q

why is over justification effect bad on motivation

A

because we begin to see the reward as the reason for our actions instead of the intrinsic reason. therefore if the reward is taken away we are no longer motivated
(turns intrinsic motivation to extrinsic)

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13
Q

over justification effect study

A

preschool children drawing with markers (intrinsic) and some kids got an award. Once there was no longer an award the children who expectedly received an award played with the markers less than the kids with no award or unexpectedly received one

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14
Q

the IV with the 73 lepper preschool markers study

A

reward
no reward
unexpected reward

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15
Q

DV with the 73 lepper preschool markers study

A

intrinsic motivation
- how much did they play with the markers a week later with no reward on offer?

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16
Q

are rewards always bad

A

for intrinsic motivation yes as there is no need to reward a task that people already want to do

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17
Q

types of reward

A

verbal praise
tangible reward

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18
Q

what type of reward undermines intrinsic motivation the most

A

tangible reward

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19
Q

what sort of reward can enhance intrinsic motivation

A

rewards that provide positive feedback about competence

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20
Q

who and why developed self perception theory

A

Daryl Bem 67
as an alternative account of cognitive dissonance, where certain circumstances lead to self-described attitudes that are a function of the individual’s observations of their own behavior

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21
Q

who developed social comparison theory

A

festinger 1954

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22
Q

what does social comparison theory believe

A

when uncertain about our abilities/opinions, we evaluate self through comparisons with similar others

23
Q

what is upward comparison

A

compare self to someone who is better on some dimension
this makes us feel bad about ourselves usually

24
Q

what is downward comparison

A

compare self to someone who is worse on some dimension
this usually makes us feel better about ourself

25
Q

cultures impact on the view of self

A

independent view of self
interdependent view of self

26
Q

what is an independent view of the self

A

defines oneself using ones own thoughts, feelings and behaviours
value independence
typical in western cultures

27
Q

what is interdependent view of the self

A

defines oneself using ones relationships to others
recognises the influence of others on ones behaviour
value connectedness and interdependence
typical in non-western cultures

28
Q

study on culture and the self

A

east asian students viewed themselves as interdepent and were more likely to choose a majority pen colour
american students viewed themselves as independent and were more likely to choose a unique pen colour

29
Q

what are interdependent cultures more accepting of

A

contradictory characteristics as it connects to so many different people you can be a slightly different person with each person and it would all make sense

30
Q

what cultures have higher self esteem

A

independent cultures as you have to rely on yourself to pump yourself up whereas interdependent cultures are more modest to be better family members/ friends

31
Q

why do we need self esteem (theories)

A

sociometer theory: self esteem is driven by a need for connection and approval
- self esteem signals levels of social inclusion
terror management theory: self esteem is driven by our fear of death

32
Q

what can our self wareness affect

A

how we feel abour ourselves

33
Q

self awareness theory (carver 03)

A

self focused attention leads to us to compare ourselves to internal standards and values

34
Q

based on the self awareness theory of carver what happens when we dont meet our internal standards

A

leads to discomfort

35
Q

behaviours that reduce self awareness

A

alcohol
television

36
Q

what is better than average effect

A

most people think highly of themselves and are biased towards self enhancement/ thinking they are better than we are

37
Q

when is better than average effect more likely to occur

A

for important traits
eg. honest, kind

38
Q

what is self serving beliefs

A

self enhancing recollections eg. believe we did better than we did

39
Q

when are self serving beliefs common

A

attributions (take credit for success, but blame others for our failures)
optimism about ones future (eg. think they will do better in life than their peers)

40
Q

what is self verification

A

we want others to see us the way we see ourselves

41
Q

who tends to show self-verification

A

people with low self esteem
- they prefer to interact with someone who evaluated them negatively
- seek out information on their weaknesses
- more committed to partners who view them unfavourably

42
Q

types of social exclusion

A

ostracism
rejection

43
Q

what is rejection

A

receiving direct negative attention from others

44
Q

what is meant by our need to belong

A

we need frequent positive interactions with one or more others in the context of stable, supportive relationships
we react strongly to successes and failures in the belonging domain
highly sensitive to social exclusion

45
Q

what impact does ostracisim have on people

A

threatens their need to belong/ feel connected
lose sense of control
damages self esteem as you feel like you did something wrong
impacts ones sense of meaningful existence

46
Q

how did Kip get his ideas on ostracism

A

he was at the park with his dog and a frisby hit him in the back. He tossed it back to the men and they tossed it back to him but eventually they stopped tossing it to him.

47
Q

how does kip manipulate ostracism

A

3 people in a room and one person is telling a story. The other participants werent really listening and started to throw a ball amongst eachother, eventually excluding the person talking.

48
Q

what can ostracism lead to

A

school shootings

49
Q

can pets and friends help increase mood after ostracism

A

yes

50
Q

does it still hurt if its a despised group that rejects you?

A

Gonsalkorale and Williams 07 conducted a study where participant played cyber ball with the KKK and were either ostricised or included and discovered yes it still hurts just as much

51
Q

what do tv shows do to us

A

serve as social surrogates as they allow us to experience belongingness without actually meeting the need

52
Q

what is a parasocial relationship

A

one way relationships often with media characters or celebrities

53
Q

what did Kanazawa discover regarding parasocial relationships

A

that people who watch more TV report greater satisfaction with their friendships

54
Q
A

social psychology- PYB202 (3 decks)

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